J Korean Med Sci.  2017 Mar;32(3):514-521. 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.3.514.

Comparison of QEEG Findings between Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) without Comorbidity and ADHD Comorbid with Internet Gaming Disorder

• Park JH
• Hong JS
• Han DH
• Min KJ
• Lee YS
• Kee BS
• Kim SM

• KMID: 2366650
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2017.32.3.514

Abstract

Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is often comorbid with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, we compared the neurobiological differences between ADHD comorbid with IGD (ADHD+IGD group) and ADHD without comorbidity (ADHD-only group) by analyzing quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) findings. We recruited 16 male ADHD+IGD, 15 male ADHD-only adolescent patients, and 15 male healthy controls (HC group). Participants were assessed using Young's Internet Addiction Scale and ADHD Rating Scale. Relative power and inter- and intra-hemispheric coherences of brain waves were measured using a digital electroencephalography (EEG) system. Compared to the ADHD-only group, the ADHD+IGD group showed lower relative delta power and greater relative beta power in temporal regions. The relative theta power in frontal regions were higher in ADHD-only group compared to HC group. Inter-hemispheric coherence values for the theta band between F3-F4 and C3-C4 electrodes were higher in ADHD-only group compared to HC group. Intra-hemispheric coherence values for the delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands between P4-O2 electrodes and intra-hemispheric coherence values for the theta band between Fz-Cz and T4-T6 electrodes were higher in ADHD+IGD group compared to ADHD-only group. Adolescents who show greater vulnerability to ADHD seem to continuously play Internet games to unconsciously enhance attentional ability. In turn, relative beta power in attention deficit in ADHD+IGD group may become similar to that in HC group. Repetitive activation of brain reward and working memory systems during continuous gaming may result in an increase in neuronal connectivity within the parieto-occipital and temporal regions for the ADHD+IGD group.

Keyword

Internet Gaming Disorder; Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; Quantitative Electroencephalogram; Spectral Analysis; Coherence Analysis

MeSH Terms

Adolescent*
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity*
Brain
Brain Waves
Comorbidity*
Electrodes
Electroencephalography
Humans
Immunoglobulin D
Internet*
Male
Memory, Short-Term
Neurons
Reward
Temporal Lobe
Immunoglobulin D

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 Interhemispheric coherence comparisons between ADHD-only and HC groups. Inter-hemispheric coherence values for the theta band between F3–F4 (F = 5.86, P = 0.006) and C3–C4 electrodes (F = 4.94, P = 0.012) were significantly higher in the ADHD-only compared to HC group (see Table 3). ADHD-only = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder without comorbidity, HC = healthy control.

• 

  Fig. 2 Intra-hemispheric coherence comparisons between ADHD+IGD and ADHD-only groups. Intra-hemispheric coherence values for the delta band between P4–O2 electrodes were higher in the ADHD+IGD group compared to the ADHD-only group (F = 8.29, P = 0.001, solid line). Intra-hemispheric theta band coherence values between P4–O2 (F = 10.09, P < 0.001) and T4–T6 (F = a6.63, P = 0.003) electrodes, for the alpha band between P4–O2 (F = 12.39, P < 0.001) electrodes, and for the beta band between P4–O2 (F = 9.76, P < 0.001) electrodes were significantly higher in the ADHD+IGD group compared to the ADHD-only and HC groups (dotted lines) (see Table 4). ADHD+IGD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder comorbid with internet gaming disorder, ADHD-only = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder without comorbidity, HC = healthy control.

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