J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs.  2016 Sep;25(3):262-271. 10.12934/jkpmhn.2016.25.3.262.

Effects of Academic Stress in Middle School Students on Smartphone Addiction: Moderating Effect of Self-esteem and Self-control

• Kim IO
• Shin SH

• KMID: 2354872
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2016.25.3.262

Abstract

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of academic stress among middle school students to their smartphone addiction while exploring the moderating effect of self-esteem and self-control in the relationship between academic stress and smartphone addiction.
METHODS
A descriptive research design was used. The participants were 398 middle school students from one middle school in Seoul. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure academic stress, self-esteem, self-control, and smartphone addiction. Data were analyzed with the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program.
RESULTS
Smartphone addiction significantly differed according to gender, duration of smartphone use and average monthly amount of use. The hierarchical regression analyses revealed significant positive relations between academic stress and smartphone addiction. On the other hand, self-esteem and self-control were negatively related to smartphone addiction. Self-control appeared to have moderating effects in the relationship between academic stress and smartphone addiction.
CONCLUSION
It is important when developing smartphone addiction prevention programs to consider self-control that showed moderating effects.

Keyword

Stress; Smartphone; Addictive behavior; Self-esteem; Self-control

MeSH Terms

Behavior, Addictive
Hand
Humans
Research Design
Self-Control*
Seoul
Smartphone*

Figure

• 

  Figure 1 Moderating effect of self-control in the relationship between academic stress and smartphone addiction.

Reference

1. Kang HY, Park CH. Development and validation of the smartphone addiction inventory. Korean J Psychol Gen. 2012; 31(2):563–580.

2. Kim SH. Effects of perceived attributes on the purchase intention of smart-phone. J Korea Contents Assoc. 2010; 10(9):18–26.

3. Seo MJ, Choi TY, Woo JM, Kim JH, Lee JH. A comparative study of smartphone and internet addiction on adolescent psychopathology. J Korean Soc Biol Ther Psychiatry. 2013; 9(2):154–162.

4. Hwang KH, Yoo YS, Cho OH. Smartphone overuse and upper extremity pain, anxiety, depression, and interpersonal relationships among college students. J Korea Contents Assoc. 2012; 12(10):365–375. DOI: 10.5392/JKCA.2012.12.10.365.

5. Gladwin TE, Figner B, Crone EA, Wiers RW. Addiction, adolescence, and the integration of control and motivation. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2011; 1(4):364–376. DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2011.06.008.

6. Oh HH, Kim HJ. The mediating effects of family communication between parent attachment and the internet and smartphone addiction of middle and high school students. Stud Korean Youth. 2014; 25(4):35–57. DOI: 10.14816/sky.2014.11.75.35.

7. Demetrovics Z, Szeredi B, Rózsa S. The three-factor model of internet addiction: the development of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire. Behav Res Methods. 2008; 40(2):563–574. DOI: 10.3758/BRM.40.2.563.

8. Yun JY, Moon JS, Kim MJ, Kim YJ, Kim HA, Huh BR, et al. Smart phone addiction and health problem in university student. J Korean Assoc Crisis Emerg Manag. 2011; 3(2):92–104.

9. Yoo YS, Cho OH, Cha KS. Association between overuse of the internet and mental health in adolescents. Nurs Health Sci. 2014; 16(2):193–200. DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12086.

10. Kim YH, Yoo MS. Moderating effect of social relationship on academic stress and psychological health. J Korean Home Manage Assoc. 2010; 28(5):225–234.

11. Moon KS. Academic stress and mental health of adolescents: the role of self-control and emotion regulation. Korean J Child Stud. 2008; 29(5):285–299.

12. Park KW, Kim KS. A study on smartphone addiction level of middle school students and effects of related variables. J Fam Relat. 2015; 20(1):51–74.

13. Samaha M, Hawi NS. Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance and satisfaction with life. Comput Human Behav. 2016; 57:321–325. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.045.

14. Kim HM, Shin SH. Comparison of gender factors affecting middle school students' smartphone addiction. J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2015; 24(3):145–155. DOI: 10.12934/jkpmhn.2015.24.3.145.

15. Lee KH, Kwon YH. Factors that influence smart phone addiction among middle school students. J Korean Soc Living Environ Syst. 2014; 21(5):783–790.

16. Yuh JI. The relationship between loneliness and smartphone addiction symptoms among middle school students: testing the mediating role of self-esteem. Korean J Youth Stud. 2016; 23(1):129–152.

17. Lee SJ, Moon HJ. Effects of self-control, parent-adolescent communication, and school life satisfaction on smart-phone addiction for middle school students. Korean J Hum Ecol. 2013; 22(6):587–598. DOI: 10.5934/kjhe.2013.22.6.587.

18. Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planing. 2015 The survey on internet (smartphone) overdependence [Internet]. 2016. 06. 2016 July 10. 1–4. Available from http://www.msip.go.kr/web/msipContents/contents.do?m Id=MTI4.

19. Oh MH, Cheon SM. Analysis of academic stressors and symptoms of juveniles and effects of meditation training on academic stress reduction. J Hum Underst Couns. 1994; 15:63–95.

20. Lee J-W. Effect of self-resilience and learning strategy on academic stress [master's thesis]. Gyeonggi: Ajou University;2008. 63.

21. National Information Society Agency. Development of smartphone addiction scale [Internet]. 2012. 2016 July 10. Available from http://www.iapc.or.kr/info/mediaAddc/showInfoMediaA ddcDetail.do?article_id=ICCART_0000000003540&board_ty pe_cd=A1.

22. Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self-image. NJ: Princeton University Press;1965. p. 326.

23. Jeon BJ. Self-esteem: a test of its measurability. Yonsei Nonchong. 1974; 11(1):107–130.

24. Kim HS. Model development of affecting factors on health behavior and juvenile delinquency of adolescents [dissertation]. Seoul: Seoul National University;1998. 206.

25. Jeong SY. The effect of self-control and family strength on adolescent's internet addiction tendency [master's thesis]. Seoul: Sangmyung University;2008. 70.

26. Joo AR, Park IH. Effects of an empowerment education program in the prevention of internet games addiction in middle school students. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2010; 40(2):255–263. DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2010.40.2.255.

27. Cho MJ, Yi JH. The self-regulation program development for youth and verification of its effects. Korean J Sch Psychol. 2009; 6(1):31–46.

28. Hwang Y, Jeong SH. Predictors of parental mediation regarding children's smartphone use. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2015; 18(12):737–743. DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2015.0286.

29. Lam LT, Wong EMY. Stress moderates the relationship between problematic internet use by parents and problematic internet use by adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2015; 56(3):300–306. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.263.