Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab.  2015 Dec;20(4):213-219. 10.6065/apem.2015.20.4.213.

Blood glucose levels within 7 days after birth in preterm infants according to gestational age

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
  • 2Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea. chyerim@hanmail.net

Abstract

PURPOSE
This study investigated blood glucose levels in preterm babies according to gestational age (GA).
METHODS
Subjects were 141 preterm infants with a GA<34 weeks. Data on blood glucose levels, GA, body weight, glucose infusion rate, and other contributing factors in the first 7 days after birth were analyzed. Hypoglycemia was defined as a blood glucose level of <40 mg/dL up to 24 hours after birth and as <50 mg/dL thereafter. Hyperglycemia was defined as a blood glucose level >180 mg/dL.
RESULTS
During the 7 days after birth, hypo- and hyperglycemia occurred in 29 (29 of 141, 20.6%) and 42 (42 of 141, 29.8%) neonates, respectively. During the first 2 hours, 18 neonates (12.8%) exhibited hypoglycemia, and only 2 (2 of 141, 1.4%) developed hyperglycemia. From 6 to 24 hours, hypo- and hyperglycemia were observed in 0 and 9 (9 of 141, 6.4%) neonates, respectively. Infants small for their GA (SGA) were at risk for hypoglycemia both within 24 hours (odds ratio [OR], 2.718; P=0.045) and during days 2 to 7 (OR, 4.454; P=0.006), and hyperglycemia during days 2 to 7 (OR, 3.200; P=0.005). Low 1-minite Apgar score was risk factor for both hypo- and hyperglycemia during days 2 to 7 (OR, 0.756; P=0.035 for hypoglycemia and OR, 0.789; P=0.016 for hyperglycemia). Both hypo- and hyperglycemia within 24 hours were less common in those who started feeding (OR, 0.294; P=0.013 for hypoglycemia and OR, 0.162; P=0.011 for hyperglycemia).
CONCLUSION
Careful blood glucose level monitoring is required in preterm infants, especially SGA infants or those with low Apgar score. Early feeding could be beneficial for maintaining euglycemia.

Keyword

Blood glucose level; Preterm; Birth weight; Gestational age

MeSH Terms

Apgar Score
Birth Weight
Blood Glucose*
Body Weight
Gestational Age*
Glucose
Humans
Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Infant, Premature*
Parturition*
Risk Factors
Blood Glucose
Glucose

Figure

  • Fig. 1 Blood glucose levels within 24 hours. (A) In all the subjects; (B) subjects with gestational age<28 weeks; (C) 28 to <30 weeks; (D) 30 to <32 weeks; and (E) ≥32 weeks. Lower and upper limit are mean±2standard deviation. Bars express inter quartile range. *Outlier.

  • Fig. 2 Blood glucose levels over 7 days. (A) In all the subjects; (B) subjects with gestational age <28 weeks; (C) 28 to <30 weeks; (D) 30 to <32 weeks; and (E) ≥32 weeks. Lower and upper limit are mean±2standard deviation. Bars express inter quartile range. *Outlier.


Cited by  1 articles

Insulin and glucagon levels of umbilical cord blood in appropriate for gestational age - preterm infants with or without postnatal hypoglycemia
Jae Hyun Park, Jin Gon Bae, Shin Kim, Chun Soo Kim, Sang Lak Lee, Heung Sik Kim
Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2016;21(2):86-91.    doi: 10.6065/apem.2016.21.2.86.


Reference

1. Kim EY. Glucose metabolism and evaluation of hypoglycemia in neonates. Korean J Pediatr. 2007; 50:223–229.
Article
2. Lubchenco LO, Bard H. Incidence of hypoglycemia in newborn infants classified by birth weight and gestational age. Pediatrics. 1971; 47:831–838. PMID: 5573868.
Article
3. Schultz K, Soltesz G. Transient hyperinsulinism in asphyxiated newborn infants. Acta Paediatr Hung. 1991; 31:47–52. PMID: 1867877.
Article
4. Tam EW, Widjaja E, Blaser SI, Macgregor DL, Satodia P, Moore AM. Occipital lobe injury and cortical visual outcomes after neonatal hypoglycemia. Pediatrics. 2008; 122:507–512. PMID: 18762519.
Article
5. Udani V, Munot P, Ursekar M, Gupta S. Neonatal hypoglycemic brain - injury a common cause of infantile onset remote symptomatic epilepsy. Indian Pediatr. 2009; 46:127–132. PMID: 19242029.
6. Caraballo RH, Sakr D, Mozzi M, Guerrero A, Adi JN, Cersosimo RO, et al. Symptomatic occipital lobe epilepsy following neonatal hypoglycemia. Pediatr Neurol. 2004; 31:24–29. PMID: 15246488.
Article
7. Montassir H, Maegaki Y, Ohno K, Ogura K. Long term prognosis of symptomatic occipital lobe epilepsy secondary to neonatal hypoglycemia. Epilepsy Res. 2010; 88:93–99. PMID: 19914803.
Article
8. Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ. Adverse neurodevelopmental outcome of moderate neonatal hypoglycaemia. BMJ. 1988; 297:1304–1308. PMID: 2462455.
Article
9. Duvanel CB, Fawer CL, Cotting J, Hohlfeld P, Matthieu JM. Long-term effects of neonatal hypoglycemia on brain growth and psychomotor development in small-for-gestational-age preterm infants. J Pediatr. 1999; 134:492–498. PMID: 10190926.
Article
10. Stenninger E, Flink R, Eriksson B, Sahlen C. Long-term neurological dysfunction and neonatal hypoglycaemia after diabetic pregnancy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1998; 79:F174–F179. PMID: 10194986.
11. Kao LS, Morris BH, Lally KP, Stewart CD, Huseby V, Kennedy KA. Hyperglycemia and morbidity and mortality in extremely low birth weight infants. J Perinatol. 2006; 26:730–736. PMID: 16929344.
Article
12. Mitanchez D. Glucose regulation in preterm newborn infants. Horm Res. 2007; 68:265–271. PMID: 17587854.
Article
13. McCowen KC, Malhotra A, Bistrian BR. Stress-induced hyperglycemia. Crit Care Clin. 2001; 17:107–124. PMID: 11219223.
Article
14. Harris DL, Weston PJ, Harding JE. Incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia in babies identified as at risk. J Pediatr. 2012; 161:787–791. PMID: 22727868.
Article
15. Ogilvy-Stuart AL, Beardsall K. Management of hyperglycaemia in the preterm infant. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2010; 95:F126–F131. PMID: 20231218.
Article
16. Pati NK, Maheshwari R, Pati NK, Salhan RN. Transient neonatal hyperglycemia. Indian Pediatr. 2001; 38:898–901. PMID: 11521002.
17. Srinivasan G, Pildes RS, Cattamanchi G, Voora S, Lilien LD. Plasma glucose values in normal neonates: a new look. J Pediatr. 1986; 109:114–117. PMID: 3723230.
Article
18. Heck LJ, Erenberg A. Serum glucose levels in term neonates during the first 48 hours of life. J Pediatr. 1987; 110:119–122. PMID: 3794870.
Article
19. Bragg JJ, Green R, Holzman IR. Does early enteral feeding prevent hypoglycemia in small for gestational age neonates? J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2013; 6:131–135. PMID: 24246515.
Article
20. Hays SP, Smith EO, Sunehag AL. Hyperglycemia is a risk factor for early death and morbidity in extremely low birth-weight infants. Pediatrics. 2006; 118:1811–1818. PMID: 17079549.
Article
21. Saha D, Ali MA, Haque MA, Ahmed MS, Sutradhar PK, Latif T, et al. Association of hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia in neonates with perinatal asphyxia. Mymensingh Med J. 2015; 24:244–250. PMID: 26007249.
22. Marquez-Gonzalez H, Munoz-Ramirez MC, Ramirez-Garcia MA, Pineda-Frutos MF, Hernandez-Ramirez C, Villa-Romero AR, et al. Hyperglycemia as a risk factor for mortality in critically ill neonates. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2014; 52(Suppl 2):S104–S109. PMID: 24983547.
Full Text Links
  • APEM
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr