Korean J Health Promot.  2016 Jun;16(2):92-100. 10.15384/kjhp.2016.16.2.92.

The Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Metabolic Syndrome, Using Structural Equation Modelling

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Family Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu, Korea. khmksh@cu.ac.kr

Abstract

BACKGROUND
This study aimed to investigate the complexity of the relationships between socioeconomic status, health behaviors, stress and risks of metabolic syndrome. By applying structural equational modelling, modified generalized conceptual model had described the associations and interactions among them.
METHODS
24,210 participants (8,242 men, 15,968 women) registered with the Korean Health Examinee Cohort (KOEX) between 2004 to 2008. This study collected data on the socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and stress through individual interviews. Socioeconomic status (education, house income, occupation), health behaviors (diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption) and stress level were defined as exogenous factors. Endogenous variables were risks of metabolic syndrome based on modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel-lll (NCEP ATP-lll, 2006).
RESULTS
According to model fitness test, these proposed model were acceptable in men, comparative fit index=0.877, incremental fit Index=0.877, Tucker-Lewis index=0.757, root-mean-squared error associated=0.055. These were compatible also in women as comparative fit index=0.924, incremental fit index=0.924, Tucker-Lewis index=0.851, root-mean-squared error associated=0.050. There were sex difference related to risks of metabolic syndrome: in men socioeconomic status (β=-0.08), health behaviors (β=-0.25) and stress (β=-0.25) were relevant, but in women only socioeconomic status (β=-0.25) was relevant (P<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
A conceptual model properly explains how Socioeconomic status may influence on health behaviors, stress, and risks of metabolic syndrome. Health behaviors in men and socioeconomic status in women had the strongest associations with risks of metabolic syndrome. In addition, socioeconomic status was strongly associated with health behaviors, stress and age.

Keyword

Socioeconomic status; Metabolic syndrome

MeSH Terms

Adult
Cholesterol
Cohort Studies
Education
Female
Health Behavior
Humans
Male
Motor Activity
Sex Characteristics
Smoke
Smoking
Social Class*
Cholesterol
Smoke

Figure

  • Figure 1. Modified generalized conceptual model of potential pathway through which social status is linked to health.

  • Figure 2. Modified conceptual model; a summary of the interactions of Socioeconomic status (SES) influencing metabolic syndrome risk, in men Path coefficients are presented as standardised regression weight; dashed lines represent relationships that were non significant, model fitincluded in the exploratory analysis, but were non-significant. Model fit: X2=40.395, d.f=28, P<0.001, CFI=0.924, IFI=0.924 TLI=0.851, RMSEA=0.050.

  • Figure 3. Modified conceptual model; a summary of the interactions of Socioeconomic status (SES) influencing metabolic syndrome risk, in men path coefficients are presented as standardised regression weight; dashed lines represent relationships that were non significant, model fit included in the exploratory analysis, but were non-significant. Model fit: X2=35.843, d.f=28, P<0.001, CFI=0.877, IFI=0.877, TLI=0.757, RMSEA=0.055.


Reference

References

1. Tamashiro KL. Metabolic syndrome: links to social stress and socioeconomic status. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011; 1231:46–55.
Article
2. Story M. Kaphingst KM, Robinson-O'Brien R, Glanz K. Creating healthy food and eating environments: policy and environmental approaches Annu Rev Public Health. 2008; 29:253–72.
3. Sallis JF, Cervero RB, Ascher W, Henderson KA, Kraft MK, Kerr J. An ecological approach to creating active living communities. Annu Rev Public Health. 2006; 27:297–322.
Article
4. Gruenewald TL, Karlamangla AS, Hu P, Stein-Merkin S, Crandall C, Koretz B, et al. History of socioeconomic disadvantage and allostatic load in later life. Soc Sci Med. 2012; 74:75–83.
Article
5. Kondo N, Sembajwe G, Kawachi I, van Dam RM, Subramanian SV, Yamagata Z. Income inequality, mortality, and self rated health: metaanalysis of multilevel studies. BMJ. 2009; 339:b447 1.
Article
6. Steven HW, Steven J, Evonne KL. Health promotion and disease prevention in clinical practice. 2nd edition.Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2007. p. 5–7.
7. Braveman PA, Cubbin C, Egerter S, Chideya S, Marchi KS, Metzler M, et al. Socioeconomic status in health research: one size does not fit all. JAMA. 2005; 294:2879–88.
8. Wilkinson RG, Pickett KE. The problems of relative deprivation: why some societies do better than others. Soc Sci Med. 2007; 65:1965–78.
Article
9. Baumann M, Spitz E, Guillemin F, Ravaud JF, Choquet M, Falissard B, et al. Association of social and material deprivation with tobacco, alcohol and psychotropic use and gender: a population study. Int J Health Geogr. 2007; 6:50–62.
Article
10. Matthews KA, Räikkönen K, Gallo L, Kuller LH. Association between socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome in women: testing the reserve capacity model. Health Psychol. 2008; 27:576–83.
Article
11. Amiri P, Deihim T, Taherian R, Karimi M, Gharibzadeh S, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, et al. Factors affecting gender differences in the association between health-related quality of life and metabolic syndrome components: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. PLoS One. 2015; 10(12):): e0143167.
Article
12. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009; 120(16):);. 1640–5.
13. The Korean society for equity in health. Methods in health inequalities measurement. Paju: Hanul;2008. p. 70–83.
14. Kim DH. Effect of Job and leisure time physical activity in the risk of colorectal cancer: a case-control study [disseration]. Seoul: Seoul National University;1997. Korean.
15. Lee CY, Lee JY. Reliability and validity of PWI (psychosocial wellbeing index). Korean J Prev Med. 1996; 29(2):255–64.
16. Yu JP. Concept and understanding of structural equation modelling. 1st ed.Seoul: Hannarae publishers;2012. p. 360–9.
17. Lynch JW, Kaplan GA. Socioeconomic position: Social epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press;2000. p. 13–35.
18. Ford ES, Zhao G, Tsai J, Li C. Low-risk lifestyle behaviors and all-cause mortality: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III Mortality Study. Am J Public Health. 2011; 101(10):1922–9.
Article
19. Elwood P, Galante J, Pickering J, Palmer S, Bayer A, Ben-Shlomo Y, et al. Healthy lifestyles reduce the incidence of chronic diseases and dementia: evidence from the Caerphilly cohort study. PLoS One. 2013; 8(12):): e81877.
Article
20. Silventoinen K, Pankow J, Jousilahti P, Hu G, Tuomilehto J. Educational inequalities in the metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease among middle-aged men and women. Int J Epidemiol. 2005; 34(2):327–34.
Article
21. S⊘ltoft F, Hammer M, Kragh N. The association of body mass index and health-related quality of life in the general population: data from the 2003 Health Survey of England. Qual Life Res. 2009; 18(10):1293–9.
Article
22. Chen YC, Wu HP, Hwang SJ, Li IC. Exploring the components of metabolic syndrome with respect to gender difference and its relationship to health-promoting lifestyle behaviour: a study in Taiwanese urban communities. J Clin Nurs. 2010; 19(21–22):3031–41.
Article
23. Lim H, Nguyen T, Choue R, Wang Y. Sociodemographic disparities in the composition of metabolic syndrome components among adults in South Korea. Diabetes Care. 2012; 35(10):2028–35.
Article
24. Park MY, Kim SH, Cho YJ, Chung RH, Lee KT, Association of leisure time physical activity and metabolic syndrome over 40 years. Korean J Fam Med. 2014; 35(2):65–73.
25. Kim SH, Park JY, Kim DH. Socioeconomic status and health behaviors associated with metabolic syndrome in adults over 40 years. korean J Health Promot. 2013; 13(4):125–32.
26. Ferguson TF, Funkhouser E, Roseman J. Factor analysis of metabolic syndrome components in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study: examination of factors by race-sex groups and across time. Ann Epidemiol. 2010; 20(3):194–200.
Article
27. Judge TA, Cable DM. When it comes to pay, do the thin win? The effect of weight on pay for men and women. J Appl Psychol. 2011; 96(1):95–112.
Article
28. Bleich SN, Jarlenski MP, Bell CN, LaVeist TA. Health inequalities: trends, progress, and policy. Annu Rev Public Health. 2012; 33:7–40.
Article
29. Sapolsky RM. Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers. 3rd ed.New York: Holt Paperbacks;2004. p. 9–12.
30. Hendrie GA, Coveney J, Cox DN. Defining the complexity of childhood obesity and related behaviours within the family environment using structural equation modeling. Public Health Nutr. 2012; 15(1):48–57.
Full Text Links
  • KJHP
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr