J Nutr Health.  2014 Jun;47(3):186-192.

The effect of high-carbohydrate diet and low-fat diet for the risk factors of metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents: Using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) 1998-2009

• Han MR
• Lim JH
• Song Y

Abstract

PURPOSE
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has increased in both the adult population and in adolescents. How-ever, few studies have been conducted for adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the association of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors with high carbohydrate diet and high fat diet using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998-2009).
METHODS
Using the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Korean Dietary Reference Intakes, subjects whose energy intake from carbohydrate was greater than 70% and from fat was less than 15% were classified as the 'High-carbohydrate & low-fat diet (HCLF)' group and subjects whose energy intake from carbohydrate was less than 60% and from fat was 25% or more were classified as the 'Low-carbohydrate & high-fat Diet (LCHF)' group. Among 5,931 eligible subjects, HCLF included 853 subjects and LCHF included 1,084 subjects.
RESULTS
The mean age in both groups was 14 years and significant difference in age, BMI, sex, physical activity, and household income was observed between the HCLF and LCHF groups. Regarding the energy intake compared to Estimated Energy Re-quirement, the HCLF group met 79.0% and the LCHF group met 100.3%. Regarding nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal, carbo-hydrate, iron, potassium, and vitamin C intake in the HCLF group were significantly higher, but protein, fat, calcium, phos-phorus, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin intakes were significantly lower in the HCLF group compared to the LCHF group. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, study year, household income, physical activity, and energy intake, the serum tri-glycerides level and systolic blood pressure were slightly higher, while the serum HDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower in HCLF than LCHF. The odds ratio of metabolic syndrome did not differ significantly between HCLF and LCHF.
CONCLUSION
Our findings indicate an association of a high carbohydrate diet with increased risks for metabolic syndrome components. Conduct of future studies would be necessary in order to explore the underlying mechanism and to confirm our findings in a prospective study.

Keyword

adolescents; high carbohydrate diet; high fat diet; metabolic syndrome; KNHANES

MeSH Terms

Adolescent*
Adult
Ascorbic Acid
Blood Pressure
Calcium
Diet*
Diet, Fat-Restricted*
Diet, High-Fat
Energy Intake
Family Characteristics
Humans
Iron
Korea
Motor Activity
Niacin
Nutrition Surveys
Odds Ratio
Potassium
Prevalence
Recommended Dietary Allowances
Riboflavin
Risk Factors*
Vitamin A
Ascorbic Acid
Calcium
Iron
Niacin
Potassium
Riboflavin
Vitamin A

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 The percent of energy intake (per EER) of study subjects. HCLF: High-carbohydrate & low-fat Diet, LCHF: Low-carbohydrate & high-fat Diet.

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