J Bone Metab.  2013 Nov;20(2):67-74. 10.11005/jbm.2013.20.2.67.

Validation of a New Food Frequency Questionnaire for Assessment of Calcium and Vitamin D Intake in Korean Women

• Park Y
• Kim SH
• Lim YT
• Ha YC
• Chang JS
• Kim IS
• Min YK
• Chung HY

• KMID: 2286296
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2013.20.2.67

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Validated simple calcium questionnaires are available to assess the intake of calcium and vitamin D in western countries, but they are not appropriate for Koreans since dairy products are not the major source of calcium and vitamin D in Korea. Thus, the objective of the present study was to develop and validate a simple and easy food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) of calcium and vitamin D for Korean.
METHODS
Two hundred and fifty-six women were asked to complete the validated FFQ used by the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and a newly developed FFQ, the Korean Calcium Assessment Tool (KCAT), which contain the 7 food groups with 24 categories of 45 food items that are consumed frequently by Koreans.
RESULTS
Calcium intake was not significantly different between the two methods; Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.98 indicated a positive correlation, and Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.78 indicated the subjects were correctly classified. Bland-Altman plot also showed that the mean differences of the calcium intake as assessed by the two methods were in high agreement. However, the vitamin D intake assessed by KCAT was significantly higher than that assessed by the FFQ used in KNHANES. The vitamin D intakes as assessed by the two methods were positively correlated but the two methods were in moderate agreement.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggested that the newly developed KCAT was a valid tool for assessing the calcium intake in Korean women, but it might overestimate the vitamin D intake.

Keyword

Calcium; Diet surveys; Korean women; Vitamin D; Questionnaires

MeSH Terms

Calcium*
Dairy Products
Diet Surveys
Female
Humans
Korea
Methods
Nutrition Surveys
Vitamin D*
Vitamins*
Surveys and Questionnaires
Calcium
Vitamin D
Vitamins

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 Pearson correlation of calcium intake between the food frequency questionnaires used by the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and the Korean Calcium Assessment Tool (KCAT) for all subjects (A), women aged <50 years (B), and women aged ≥50 years (C).

• 

  Fig. 2 Pearson correlation of vitamin D intake between food frequency questionnaires used by the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and the Korean Calcium Assessment Tool (KCAT) for all subjects (A), women aged <50 years (B), and women aged ≥50 years (C).

• 

  Fig. 3 Bland-Altman plot of difference in calcium intake assessed by the food frequency questionnaires used by the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and the Korean Calcium Assessment Tool (KCAT) for all subjects (A), women aged <50 years (B), and women aged ≥50 years (C).

• 

  Fig. 4 Bland-Altman plot of the difference in vitamin D intake as assessed by the food frequency questionnaire used by the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and the Korean Calcium Assessment Tool (KCAT) for all subjects (A), women aged <50 years (B), and women aged ≥50 years (C).

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