Korean J Nutr.  2012 Aug;45(4):347-361. 10.4163/kjn.2012.45.4.347.

The association of heavy metals in blood, fish consumption frequency, and risk of cardiovascular diseases among Korean adults: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2010)

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea. yuri.kim@ewha.ac.kr
  • 2Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Hanbuk University, Dongducheon 483-777, Korea.

Abstract

Limited studies are available concerning the effect of heavy metal exposure on cardiovascular diseases. As environmental pollution increases, food contamination, including heavy metal contamination of fish, also increases. However, researches based on the intake of heavy metals, cardiovascular disease, and fish intakes are inconclusive. We assessed an association of heavy metal exposure with cardiovascular disease and fish intake in a nationally representative group of general Korean adults. We used data from the combined 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), and analyzed the data of 5,139 Koreans who participated in KNHANES. All participants were older than 20 years, and were diagnosed with stroke, ischemic heart disease, or hypertension. The mean blood cadmium, lead concentration, and mercury concentration of subjects were 1.07 +/- 0.01 microg/L, 2.49 +/- 0.02 microg/dL, and 5.19 +/- 0.08 microg/L, respectively. We used the survey logistic regression model to account for the complex sample design of the cardiovascular disease risk in order to estimate the odds ratios (OR). After adjusting for age, education, income, alcohol, smoking, and BMI, the increase of serum cadmium in blood was associated with the increase in the prevalence of hypertension. Further, the increase in blood cadmium concentration was associated with the increase of both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Although higher fish intakes were significantly associated with higher blood mercury concentration (p for trend < 0.0001), fish intakes did not affect either blood cadmium or lead concentration. Comparing the highest fish intake group with the lowest intake group, the OR of hypertension was 0.31 (95% CI: 0.19-0.59) in the crude model for total fish. However, these associations were no longer significant after the adjustment for potential confounding factors. In conclusion, cadmium in blood was associated with an increased risk of hypertension in the general Korean adult population. However, we found no evidence of a clear relationship between cardiovascular disease and frequency of fish consumption.

Keyword

KNHANES (2008-2010); cardiovascular disease; heavy metals in blood; fish consumption frequency

MeSH Terms

Adult
Blood Pressure
Cadmium
Cardiovascular Diseases
Environmental Pollution
Food Contamination
Humans
Hypertension
Logistic Models
Metals, Heavy
Myocardial Ischemia
Nutrition Surveys
Odds Ratio
Prevalence
Smoke
Smoking
Stroke
Cadmium
Metals, Heavy
Smoke

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