Korean J Nutr.  2011 Apr;44(2):101-111. 10.4163/kjn.2011.44.2.101.

Effects of a Low Calcium Diet and Oxalate Intake on Calcium Deposits in Soft Tissues and Bone Metabolism in Ovariectomized Rats

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Food and Nutrition/Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea. lysook@snu.ac.kr

Abstract

It is controversial whether low calcium intake, commonly associated with osteoporosis, results in calcium accumulation in soft tissues. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of low calcium (Ca) and oxalate (ox) intake on soft-tissue Ca deposits and bone metabolism in ovariectomized (ovx) rats. Eight week old female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized and divided into four groups. The rats were fed experimental diets containing low (0.1%, w/w) or normal (0.5%, w/w) Ca with or without sodium oxalate (1%, w/w); Sham/NCa, Ovx/NCa, Ovx/LCa, Ovx/NCa-ox, Ovx/LCa-ox for 6 weeks. All ovx rats showed a remarkable increase in body and tissue weight, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, alkaline phosphatase, and decreases in weight, ash, and Ca contents, as well as bone breaking force compared to those in sham rats. Serum Ca concentration was not significantly affected by dietary Ca levels or ox intake. Kidney Ca, ox acid content, and microscopic Ca deposition increased remarkably in the Ovx/LCa-ox group compared to those in the other groups. Ca content in the spleen and aorta also increased significantly, but the weight contents, Ca, bone breaking force, and Ca and oxalic acid in feces decreased significantly in the Ovx/LCa-ox group. Serum parathyroid hormone levels were not significantly different among the groups. These results indicate that low Ca intake decreased bone mineral content and increased Ca deposits in soft tissues, which was aggravated by ox intake in ovx rats. Thus, high ox intake may result in a kidney disorder in patients with osteoporosis who eat a low Ca diet.

Keyword

soft tissue Ca deposit; Low Ca intake; oxalate intake; ovariectomy; calcification

MeSH Terms

Alanine Transaminase
Alkaline Phosphatase
Animals
Aorta
Aspartate Aminotransferases
Blood Urea Nitrogen
Bone Density
Calcium
Diet
Feces
Female
Humans
Kidney
Osteoporosis
Ovariectomy
Oxalic Acid
Parathyroid Hormone
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Salicylamides
Spleen
Alanine Transaminase
Alkaline Phosphatase
Aspartate Aminotransferases
Calcium
Oxalic Acid
Parathyroid Hormone
Salicylamides

Figure

  • Fig. 1 Microscopic finding of calcium deposition in kidney of sham and ovariectomized rats fed experimental diets for 6 weeks H & E, ×200 [A: None (control), B: Mild Ca deposits, C: Moderate Ca deposits, D: Severe Ca deposits], arrow represent mineralization in kidney tissue.


Reference

1. The third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III), 2009. 2010. Cheongwon-gun: Ministry of Health and Welfare;266.
2. Jung DW, Lim HS, Kang YH. Mineral imbalance: Bone decalcification and soft tissue calcification. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 2009. 38(12):1815–1819.
Article
3. Giachelli CM. Ectopic calcification; new concepts in cellular regulation. Z Kardiol. 2001. 90:Suppl 3. 31–37.
Article
4. Choi BG, Vilahur G. Ovariectomy increases vascular calcification via the OPG/RANKL cytokine signalling pathway. Eur J Clin Invest. 2008. 38(4):211–217.
Article
5. Choi WH. Epidemiology and biological correlation between osteoporosis and atherosclearosis. J Korean Soc Endocrinol. 2005. 20(6):535–542.
Article
6. Persy V, D'Haese P. Vascular calcification and bone disease: the calcification paradox. Trends Mol Med. 2009. 15(9):405–416.
Article
7. Fitzpatrick LA, Turner RT, Ritman ER. Endochondral bone formation in the heart a possible mechanism of coronary calcification. Endocrinology. 2003. 144(6):2214–2219.
Article
8. Massey LK, Roman-Smith H, Sutton RA. Effect of dietary oxalate and calcium on urinary oxalate and risk of formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones. J Am Diet Assoc. 1993. 93(8):901–906.
Article
9. Taylor EN, Curhan GC. Oxalate intake and the risk for nephrolithiasis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007. 18(7):2198–2204.
Article
10. von Unruh GE, Voss S, Sauerbruch T, Hesse A. Dependence of oxalate absorption on the daily calcium intake. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004. 15(6):1567–1573.
Article
11. Reeves PG, Nielsen FH, Fahey GC. AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J Nutr. 1993. 123:1939–1951.
Article
12. Choi MK, KIm MH, Kang MH. Effect of calcium and boron intakes on calcium balance status in ovariectomized rats. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 2006. 35(1):48–54.
Article
13. Kim MS, Lee YS. Effect of dietary calcium and soy isoflavones supplementation on bone metablism in the ovariectomized rats. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 2005. 34(6):833–839.
14. Bushinsky DA, Bashir MA, Riordon DR, Nakagawa Y, Coe FL, Grynpas MD. Increased dietary oxalate does not increase urinary calcium oxalate saturation in hypercalciuric rats. Kidney Int. 1999. 55(2):602–612.
Article
15. Folin O, Wu H. A system of blood analysis. J Biol Chem. 1919. 38:81.
Article
16. Zhao MP, Li YZ, Guo ZQ, Zhang XX, Chang WB. A new competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of estrogenic bisphenols. Talanta. 2002. 57(6):1205–1210.
Article
17. Krylova SM, Pang PK, Shan J, Lewanczuk RZ, Benishin CG. Quantitative determination of parathyroid hypertensive factor by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Hypertens. 2000. 13(11):1173–1179.
Article
18. Mester Z, Angelone M, Brunori C, Cremisini C, Muntau H, Morabito R. Digestion methods for analysis of fly ash samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta. 1999. 395(1-2):157–163.
Article
19. Herrmann M, Wildemann B, Claes L, Klohs S, Ohnmacht M, Taban-Shomal O, Hübner U, Pexa A, Umanskaya N, Herrmann W. Experimental hyperhomocysteinemia reduces bone quality in rats. Clin Chem. 2007. 53:1455–1461.
Article
20. Liu MT, Cheng WT, Li MJ, Liu HN, Yang DM, Lin SY. Iden-tification of chemical compositions of skin calcified deposit by vibrational microspectroscopie. Arch Dermatol Res. 2005. 297:231–234.
Article
21. Kim DJ, Kim HK, Kim MH, Lee JS. Analysis of oxalic acid of various vegetables consumed in Korea. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2007. 16(4):650–654.
22. Lee MH, Han JS, Nobuyuki K, Takahisa M. Physicochemical characteristics of commercial spinach produced in autumn. J East Asian Soc Diet Life. 2005. 15(3):306–314.
23. Lee JW, Kim HJ, Jhee OH, Won HD, Yu YJ, Lee MH, Kim TW, Om AS, Kang JS. Effects of alternative medicine extract on bone mineral density, bone strength and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. Korean J Food Nutr. 2005. 18:72–80.
24. Okazaki R, Inoue D, Shibata M, Saika M, Kido S, Ooka H, Tomiyama H, Sakamoto Y, Matsumoto T. Estrogen promotes early osteoblast differentiation and inhibits adipocyte differentiation in mouse bone marrow stromal cell lines that express estrogen receptor (ER) α or β. Endocrinology. 2002. 143:2349–2356.
Article
25. Kalu DN, Liu CC, Hardin RR, Hollis BW. The aged rat model of ovarian hormone deficiency bone loss. Endocrinology. 1989. 124:7–16.
Article
26. Connie MW, Robert PH. Caclium in human health. 2006. New Jersey: Humana Press;327–340.
27. Peterson CA, Eurell JA, Erdman JW Jr. Bone composition and histology of young growing rats fed diets of varied calcium bioavailability: spinach, nonfat dry milk, or calcium carbonate added to casein. J Nutr. 1992. 122(1):137–144.
Article
28. Yamaguchi S, Wiessner JH, Hasegawa AT, Hung LY, Mandel GS, Mandel NS. Study of a rat model for calcium oxalate crystal formation without severe renal damage in selected conditions. Int J Urol. 2005. 12:290–298.
Article
29. Mituka BM, Rawnsley HN. Clinical biochemical and hematological reference value in normal experimental animals and normal humans. 1987. 2nd edition. New York: Masson;160.
30. Lee YS, Kim EM, Effect of. calcium diet during growing period. Korean J Nutr. 1998. 31(3):279–288.
31. Hietala EL. The effect of ovariectomy on periosteal bone formation and bone resorption in adult rats. Bone Miner. 1993. 20(1):57–65.
Article
32. Kim EM, Lee YS. Effect of ovariectomy and dietary calcium levels on bone metabolism in rats fed low calcium diet during growing period. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 1998. 31(3):279–288.
33. Choi MJ, Jung SH. The effect of dietary source and sulfur amino acid content on bone metabolism in growing rats. Korean J Nutr. 2004. 37(2):100–107.
34. Mizunuma H, Hosoi T, Okano H, Soda M, Tokizawa T, Kagami I, Miyamoto S, Ibuki Y, Inoue S, Shiraki M, Ouchi Y. Estrogen receptor gene polymorphism and bone mineral density at the lumbar spine of pre- and postmenopausal women. Bone. 1997. 21(5):379–383.
Article
35. Moon SJ, Kim JH, Lim SK. Investigation of risk of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in Korean menopausal women. Korean J Nutr. 1996. 29:981–990.
36. Qunibi WY, Nolan CA, Ayus JC. Cardiovascular calcification in patients with end-stage renal disease: A century-old phenomenon. Kidney Int Suppl. 2002. 82:S73–S80.
Article
37. Itokawa Y, Tanaka C, Fujiwara M. Changes in body temperature and blood pressure in rats with calcium and magnesium deficiencied. J Appl Physiol. 1974. 37:835–839.
Article
38. Shah BG, Belonje B. Prevention of nephrocalcinosis in male and female rats by providing fluoride and additional magnesium in the diet. Nutr Res. 1983. 3:749–760.
Article
39. Hess B, Jost C, Zipperle L, Takkinen R, Jaeqer P. High-calcium intake abolishes syperoxaluria and reduces urinary crystallization during a 20-fold normal oxalate load in humans. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998. 13(9):2241–2247.
Article
40. Hofbauer LC, Brueck CC, Shanahan CM, Schoppet M, Dobnig H. Vascular calcification and osteoporosis from clinical observation towards molecular understanding. Osteoporos Int. 2007. 18:251–259.
Article
41. Janzen J, Vuong PN. Arterial calcifications: morphological aspects and their pathological implications. Z Kardiol. 2001. 90:Suppl 3. 6–11.
Article
42. Kang BH, Son HY, Ha CS, Lee HS, Song SW. Reference values of hematology and serum chemistry in Ktc: Sprague-Dawley Rats. Korean J Lab Anim Sci. 1995. 11(2):141–145.
43. Marshall RW, Cochran M, Hodgkinson A. Relationships between calcium and oxalic acid intake in the diet and their excretion in the urine of normal and renal-stone-forming subjects. Clin Sci. 1972. 43:91–99.
Article
Full Text Links
  • KJN
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr