Korean J Community Nutr.  2014 Jun;19(3):231-240. 10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.3.231.

Seasonal Differences in Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-(OH) Vitamin D Status of Korean Young Women

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea. jsook@kmu.ac.kr

Abstract


OBJECTIVES
This study was intended to examine the seasonal differences in outdoor activity times and dietary vitamin D intakes, and explicates their relative impact on improving serum 25-(OH) vitamin D status among Korean young women.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 135 free-living women aged 19-39 years in Daegu-Kyungbook, Korea. We compared the results from 52 women for the summer and 83 women for the winter. Dietary intake of vitamin D was assessed by 24 hour recall method for non-consecutive three days as well as by food frequency method. Daily outdoor activity times were derived from 24 hour physical activity diary.
RESULTS
The average dietary intake of vitamin D of the participants by 24 hour recall method was 3.1 microg during the summer, 3.3 microg during the winter, showing no significant difference between the two seasons. Times spent on outdoor activities (p < 0.01) in the summer (= 23.8 +/- 23.6 min) were much longer than that in the winter (= 10.8 +/- 13.4 min). The serum 25-(OH) vitamin D levels of participants were 17.5 +/- 7.5 ng/mL in the summer and 13.4 +/- 4.3 ng/mL in the winter, showing that the latter was significantly lower than that of the former (p < 0.001). The serum 25-(OH) vitamin D levels of subjects were positively related to outdoor activities (r = 0.315, p < 0.05) during the summer, while related to dietary intake (r = 0.252, p < 0.05) during the winter.
CONCLUSIONS
In order to improve the current vitamin D status of Korean young women, nutrition education programs should focus on increasing more dietary intake especially during the winter, and performing more outdoor activities in other seasons.

Keyword

Young women; outdoor activity; serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D; vitamin D intake

MeSH Terms

Cross-Sectional Studies
Education
Female
Humans
Korea
Motor Activity
Seasons*
Vitamin D*
Vitamin D

Figure

  • Fig. 1 Distribution of circulating levels of 25-(OH) vitamin D for summer and winter.


Reference

1. Adams JS, Clemens TL, Parrish JA, Holick MF. Vitamin-D synthesis and metabolism after ultraviolet irradiation of normal and vitamin-D-deficient subjects. N Engl J Med. 1982; 306(12):722–725.
2. Barnard ND, Scialli AR, Hurlock D, Bertron P. Diet and sex-hormone binding globulin, dysmenorrhea, and premenstrual symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 95(2):245–250.
3. Chapuy MC, Preziosi P, Maamer M, Arnaud S, Galan P, Hercberg S, Meunier PJ. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporos Int. 1997; 7(5):439–443.
4. Choi JH, Kim SK. Comparison of the dietary factors between normal and osteopenia groups by bone mineral density in Korean female college students. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 2008; 37(7):869–878.
5. Choi SH, Lee DJ, Kim KM, Kim BT. Association between seasonal changes in vitamin D and Bone mineral Density. J Korean Soc Menopause. 2011; 17(2):88–93.
6. Cinar N, Harmanci A, Yildiz BO, Bayraktar M. Vitamin Dstatus and seasonal changes in plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in office workers in Ankara, Turkey. Eur J Intern Med. 2014; 25(2):197–201.
7. Darling AL, Hart KH, Gibbs MA, Gossiel F, Kantermann T, HortonK , Johnsen S, Berry JL, Skene DJ, Eastell R, Vieth R, Lanham-New SA. Greater seasonal cycling of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased parathyroid hormone and bone resorption. Osteoporos Int. 2014; 25(3):933–941.
8. Dattani JT, Exton-Smith AN, Stephen JM. Vitamin D status of the elderly in relation to age and exposure to sunlight. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1984; 38(2):131–137.
9. Devgun MS, Paterson CR, Johnson BE, Cohen C. Vitamin D nutrition in relation to season and occupation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981; 34(8):1501–1504.
10. Holick MF. The use and interpretation of assays for vitamin D and its metabolites. J Nutr. 1990; 120:suppl 11. 1464–1469.
11. Holick MF. Mccollum award lecture, 1994: Vitamin D-new horizons for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994; 60(4):619–630.
12. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357(3):266–281.
13. Kim HB, Park JG. A study on the solar UVA and UVB doses at kongju. Korean J Dermatol. 1987; 25(1):16–24.
14. Koo JO, Ahn HS, Yoo SY. Study of bone mineral density, body composition and dietary habits of 20~30 years women. Korean J Community Nutr. 2008; 13(4):489–498.
15. Korean Nutrition Society. Korea Food Value. Seoul, Korea: 2009. p. 2–503.
16. Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans. Seoul, Korea: 2010. p. xxv–xxix.
17. Lamberg-Allardt C. Vitamin D intake, sunlight exposure and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in the elderly during one year. Ann Nutr Metab. 1984; 28(3):144–150.
18. Lee WS. Prevalence of osteoporosis in Korean women. Chung-Ang University;2003. 9–10. MS Thesis.
19. Lim HJ. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and associated factors in premenopausal working women. Korean J Community Nutr. 2005; 10(1):79–90.
20. Lim HJ, Kim JI. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in winter time in premenopausal working women. Korean J Nutr. 2006; 39(7):649–660.
21. Lips P, Chapuy MC, Dawson-Hughes B, Pols HA, Holick MF. An international comparison of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements. Osteoporos Int. 1999; 9(5):394–397.
22. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Dannenberg MJ, Hollis BW, Lu Z, Holick MF. Clothing prevents ultraviolet-B radiationdependent photosynthesis of vitamin D3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992; 75(4):1099–1103.
23. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Hollis BW. Use of topical sunscreen for the evaluation of regional synthesis of vitamin D3. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990; 22(5 Pt 1):772–775.
24. Metz JA, Anderson JJ, Gallagher PN. Intakes of calcium, phosphorus, and protein, and physical-activity level are related to radial bone mass in young adult women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993; 58(4):537–542.
25. Ministy of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs & Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea health statistics 2009: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV-3). Seoul, Korea: Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention;2010.
26. Moon SJ, Kim JH. The effect of vitamin D status on bone mineral density of Korean adults. Korean J Nutr. 1998; 31(1):46–61.
27. Moon SJ, Kim SW, Kim JH, Lim SK, Kim JH. A study on vitamin D status and factors affecting it in young adults. Korean J Nutr. 1996; 29(7):747–757.
28. National Rural Development Institute. Food composition table. Suwon, Korea: 2007. p. 16–95.
29. National Rural Development Institute. One portion size food composition table for consumer. Suwon, Korea: 2013.
30. Park HM, Kim JG, Choi WH, Lim SK, Kim GS. The vitamin D nutritional status of postmenopausal women in Korea. Korean J Bone Metab. 2003; 10(1):47–55.
31. Park SY, Yim CH, Kim SH, Han KO, Yoon HK. Changes of serum parathyroid hormone and bone turnover status according to serum vitamin D levels in Korean postmenopausal women. Korean J Bone Metab. 2008; 15(1):17–24.
32. Thuesen B, Husemoen L, Fenger M, Jakobsen J, Schwarz P, Toft U, Ovesen L, Jørgensen T, Linneberg A. Determinants of vitamin D status in a general population of Danish adults. Bone. 2012; 50(3):605–610.
33. Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: Exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988; 67(2):373–378.
34. Webb AR, Pilbeam C, Hanafin N, Holick MF. An evaluation of the relative contributions of exposure to sunlight and of diet to the circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in an elderly nursing home population in Boston. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990; 51(6):1075–1081.
Full Text Links
  • KJCN
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr