Korean J Nutr.  2010 Feb;43(1):79-85. 10.4163/kjn.2010.43.1.79.

Estimation of Sodium Intake of Adult Female by 24-Hour Urine Analysis, Dietary Records and Dish Frequency Questionnaire (DFQ 55)

• Shin EK
• Lee HJ
• Lee JJ
• Ann MY
• Son SM
• Lee YK

• KMID: 2267966
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2010.43.1.79

Abstract

This study assesses the sodium intake of adults by 24-hour urine analysis, dietary records review and a food intake questionnaire. Subjects were 236 adult female in Daegu. The results are summarized as follows: Sodium intake as indicated by the 24-hour urine analysis was 5,805.4 +/- 3836.8 mg. This was significantly higher than intake indicated by dietary records (4415.4 +/- 1935.1 mg) and the dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ 55)(4293.5 +/- 1526.5 mg). The results of the 24-hour urine analysis and DFQ 55 showed that sodium intake was higher for the 65-to-74-year-old age group than for other age groups (p < 0.05, p < 0.05). Review of dietary records to examine typical sodium intake by food groups showed that 53.7% of the sodium consumed by subjects in all age groups came from seasonings and spices (2399.0 +/- 1526.5 mg). The analysis of sodium intake by food groups using DFQ 55 showed 34.2% of their sodium came from consumption of kimchi (p < 0.001) and kimch, soup, stew and fish jorim accounted for 57.8% of total sodium intake. The results indicate positive correlation between age and sodium intake, as shown by the 24-hour urine analysis and food intake questionnaire (p < 0.05). Therefore, these results would be valuable as basic data for planning nutrition education for sodium intake reduction.

Keyword

sodium intake; 24-hour urine analysis; dietary record; dish frequency questionnaire

MeSH Terms

Adult
Diet Records
Eating
Female
Humans
Porphyrins
Surveys and Questionnaires
Seasons
Sodium
Spices
Porphyrins
Sodium

Reference

1. Pietinen P. Estimating sodium intake from food consumption data. Ann Nutr Metab. 1982. 26(2):90–99.

2. Fregly MJ. Estimates of sodium and potassium intake. Ann Intern Med. 1983. 98(5 Pt 2):792–799.

3. Gillum RF, Prineas RJ, Elmer PJ. Assessing sodium and potassium intake in essential hypertension. Am Heart J. 1984. 107(3):549–555.

4. Caggiula AW, Wing RR, Nowalk MP, Milas NC, Lees S, Lanford H. The measurement of sodium and potassium intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985. 42(3):391–398.

5. Kim KS, Paik HY. A comparative study on optimum gustation of salt and sodium intake in young and middle-aged Korean women. Korean J Nutr. 1992. 25(1):32–41.

6. Son SM, Park YS, Lim HJ, Kim SB, Jeong YS. Sodium intakes of Korean adults with 24-hour urine analysis and dish frequency questionnaire and comparison of sodium intakes according to the regional area and dish group. Korean J Community Nutr. 2007. 12(5):545–558.

7. Son SM, Huh GY, Lee HS. Development and evaluation of validity of dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ) and short DFQ using Na index for estimation of habitual sodium intake. Korean J Community Nutr. 2005. 10(5):677–692.

8. Park JA, Yoon JS. Dietary behavior and status of nutrient intakes by the obesity levels of housewives in Daegu. Korean J Community Nutr. 2005. 10(5):623–632.

9. Sung CJ, Bae YJ. The study on nutritional status, bone mineral density and plasma mineral concentrations of smoking male adults. Korean J Community Nutr. 2005. 10(1):91–100.

10. Watson RL, Langford HG. Usefulness of overnight urines in population groups. Am J Clin Nutr. 1970. 23(3):290–304.

11. Pietinen P. Estimating sodium intake from food consumption data. Ann Nutr Metab. 1982. 26(2):90–99.

12. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 2005.

13. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 2007.

14. Dahl LK. Genest J, Koiw E, Kuchel O, editors. Salt intake and hypertension. Hypertension: Physiopathology and Treatment. 1997. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.;548–559.

15. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Result for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ. 1988. 297(6644):319–328.

16. Itoh R, Suyama Y, Oguma Y, Yokota F. Dietary Sodium, independent determinant for urinary deoxypyridinoline in elderly women. A cross-sectional study on the effect of dietary factors on deoxypyridinoline excretion in 24-h urine specimens for 763 free-living healthy Japanese. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999. 53(11):886–890.

17. Chobanian AV, Hill M. National heart, lung, and blood institute workshop on Sodium and blood pressure. A critical review of current scientific evidence. Hypertension. 2000. 35(4):858–863.

18. Wardener de HE, MacGregor GA. Harmful effects of dietary salt in addition to hypertension. J Human Hypertens. 2002. 16(4):213–223.

19. Chisato N, Naoyoshi T, Natsuki S, Hiroyuki S. Sodium intake and risk of death from stroke in Japanese men and women. Stroke. 2004. 35(7):1543–1547.

20. Tsugane S. Salt, salted food intake, and risk of gastric cancer: epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Sci. 2005. 96(1):1–6.

21. Michiko K, Shogo K, Jun X, Yutaka I. Highly salted food and mountain herbs elevate the risk for stomach cancer death in a rural area of Japan. J Gastro & Hepa. 2006. 21(11):1684–1686.

22. Mitsumasa U, Hiroyasu I, Chigusa D, Akio Y, Hideaki T, Yoshiyuki W, Shogo K, Akio K, Takaaki K, Yutaka I, Naohito T, Akiko T. Relations between dietary sodium and potassium intakes and mortality from cardiovascular disease: the japan collaborative cohort study for evaluation of cancer risks. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008. 88(1):195–202.

23. Kim YS, Paik HY. Measurement of the intake in Korean adult females. Korean J Nutr. 1987. 20(5):341–349.

24. Korea National Statistical Office. The annual report on the cause of death statistics. 2007.

25. Micheli Elaine T, Rosa Alberto A. Estimation of sodium intake by urinary excretion and dietary records in children and adolescents from Porto Alegre, Brazil: a comparison of two methods. Nutr Res. 2003. 23(11):1477–1487.

26. Kim KS, Shin DC, Lee SJ. A study on salt intake and urinary sodium excretion by groups educated regarding low salt diet. Korean J Nutr. 1980. 13(4):187–194.

27. Park SJ, Paik HY, Lee SY. The influence of mixed NaCl-KCl salt on sodium intake and urinary excretion of sodium and potassium. Korean J Nutr. 2007. 40(6):500–508.

28. Cho YY. Practice guidelines for reducing salt intake. Korean J Community Nutr. 2002. 7(3):394–400.

29. Park EY, Park YJ, Kim KY. A study of sodium consumption and related psychosocial factors among hypertensive and normal adults. Korean J Nutr. 2000. 33(8):833–839.

30. Son SM, Heh KY. Salt intake and nutritional problems in Korean. Korean J Community Nutr. 2002. 7(3):381–390.

31. Brown IJ, Tzoulaki I, Candeias V, Elliott P. Salt intakes around the world: implications for public health. Int J Epodedmiol. 2009. 38(3):791–813.