Allergy Asthma Immunol Res.  2015 May;7(3):241-248. 10.4168/aair.2015.7.3.241.

Interactions Between Innate Immunity Genes and Early-Life Risk Factors in Allergic Rhinitis

• Seo JH
• Kim HY
• Jung YH
• Lee E
• Yang SI
• Yu HS
• Kim YJ
• Kang MJ
• Kim HJ
• Park KS
• Kwon JW
• Kim BJ
• Kim HB
• Kim EJ
• Lee JS
• Lee SY
• Hong SJ

• KMID: 2260461
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2015.7.3.241

Abstract

PURPOSE
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic disease. Many factors could affect the development of AR. We investigated early-life factors, such as delivery mode, feeding method, and use of antibiotics during infancy, which could affect the development of AR. In addition, how interactions between these factors and innate gene polymorphisms influence the development of AR was investigated.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study of 1,828 children aged 9-12 years was conducted. Three early-life factors and AR were assessed by a questionnaire. Skin prick tests were done. Polymorphisms of TLR4 (rs1927911) and CD14 (rs2569190) were genotyped.
RESULTS
Use of antibiotics during infancy increased the risk of AR (aOR [95% CI] 1.511 [1.222-2.037]) and atopic AR (aOR [95% CI], 1.565 [1.078-2.272]). There were synergistic interactions between caesarean delivery, formula feeding, and use of antibiotics in the rate of atopic AR (aOR [95% CI], 3.038 [1.256-7.347]). Additional analyses revealed that the risk for the development of AR or atopic AR subjects with the TLR4 CC genotype were highest when all the 3 early-life factors were present (aOR [95% CI], 5.127 [1.265-20.780] for AR; 6.078 [1.499-24.649] for atopic AR). In addition, the risk for the development of AR or atopic AR in subjects with the CD14 TT genotype were highest when all the 3 early-life factors were present (aOR [95% CI], 5.960 [1.421-15.002] for AR; 6.714 [1.440-31.312] for atopic AR).
CONCLUSIONS
Delivery mode, feeding method, and use of antibiotics during infancy appeared to have synergistic interactions in the development of AR. Gene-environment interactions between polymorphism of innate genes and early- life risk factors might affect the development of AR.

Keyword

Obstetric delivery; infant food; antibiotics; gene-environment interaction, allergic rhinitis

MeSH Terms

Anti-Bacterial Agents
Child
Chronic Disease
Cross-Sectional Studies
Delivery, Obstetric
Feeding Methods
Female
Gene-Environment Interaction
Genotype
Humans
Immunity, Innate*
Infant Food
Rhinitis*
Risk Factors*
Skin
Surveys and Questionnaires
Anti-Bacterial Agents

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 The adjusted odds ratios of allergic rhinitis and atopic allergic rhinitis increase as the number of early-life environmental risk factors increases. The data are adjusted for age, sex, parental income, parental history of allergic diseases, body mass index, exposure to tobacco smoke, and region. *P<0.05. AR, allergic rhinitis.

• 

  Fig. 2 The adjusted odds ratios of allergic rhinitis and atopic allergic rhinitis increase when subjects have all the 3 early-life environmental risk factors and the CC genotype of TLR4. The data are adjusted for age, sex, parental income, parental history of allergic diseases, body mass index, exposure to tobacco smoke, and region. *P<0.05.

• 

  Fig. 3 The adjusted odds ratio of allergic rhinitis or atopic allergic rhinitis increase when subjects have all the 3 early-life environmental risk factors and the TT genotype of CD14. The data are adjusted for age, sex, parental income, parental history of allergic diseases, body mass index, exposure to tobacco smoke, and region. *P<0.05.

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