J Bacteriol Virol.  2012 Dec;42(4):313-320. 10.4167/jbv.2012.42.4.313.

Characterization of Bacterial Community Contaminating Floor of A Hot and Dry Sauna

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, Korea. baakdoo@skuniv.ac.kr

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine profile of bacteria contaminated in a dry sauna. Bacteria sampled from the floor of the dry sauna (75~80degrees C) were separated and identified by using a thermal gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) technique, and were cultivated using a defined medium at 50degrees C. Bacteria grown in the defined medium were identified based on 16S-rDNA sequence homology. The band number of DNA separated by TGGE was 15, indicating the species diversity of bacteria contaminating the dry sauna. Seven species of bacteria were successfully cultured on agar plate medium at 50degrees C, which represented a combination of thermophilic and thermoduric bacteria contaminating the dry sauna. The highest limit temperature for growth of the bacterial isolates was generally 50degrees C when cultivated in a defined medium, but was raised to 60degrees C when cultivated in a complex medium. Consequently, the bacteria grown at 50~60degrees C are thermoduric or thermophilic, but others may not be.

Keyword

Sauna; Thermophile; Thermoduric; Spore-forming bacteria; TGGE

MeSH Terms

Agar
Bacteria
DNA
Electrophoresis
Floors and Floorcoverings
Sequence Homology
Steam Bath
Agar
DNA

Figure

  • Figure 1 Location of sampling area in floor of dry sauna (A) and sampling method of bacteria contaminated in floor of dry sauna (B).

  • Figure 2 Thermal gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) profiles of bacterial communities isolated from floor in 4 corners of sauna. The left figure is a real picture and the right figure is a black-and white picture that was duplicated from the real picture to mark band number.


Cited by  1 articles

Variation and Characterization of Bacterial Communities Contaminating Two Saunas Operated at 64°C and 76°C
Bong Su Kim, Jae Ran Seo, Doo Hyun Park
J Bacteriol Virol. 2013;43(3):195-203.    doi: 10.4167/jbv.2013.43.3.195.


Reference

1. Walsh C, Meade J, McGill K, Fanning S. The biodiversity of thermoduric bacteria isolated from whey. J Food Saf. 2012. 32:255–261.
Article
2. Banykó J, Vyletelová M. Determining the source of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus licheniformis isolated from raw milk, pasteurised milk and yoghurt. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2009. 48:318–323.
Article
3. Bott TL, Brock TD. Bacterial growth rates above 90 degrees C in Yellowstone hot springs. Science. 1969. 164:1411–1412.
Article
4. Brock TD, Freeze H. Thermus aquaticus gen. n. and sp. n., a nonsporulating extreme thermophile. J Bacteriol. 1969. 98:289–297.
Article
5. Brock TD, Boylen LK. Presence of thermophilic bacteria in laundry and domestic hot-water heaters. Appl Microbiol. 1973. 25:72–76.
Article
6. Pask-Hughes R, Williama RA. Extremely thermophilic gram-negative bacteria from hot tap water. J Gen Microbiol. 1975. 88:321–328.
Article
7. Oshima T, Imahori K. Description of Thermus thermophiles (Yoshida and Oshima) comb. Nov. A non-sporulating thermophilic bacterium from a Japanese thermal spa. Intern System Bacteriol. 1974. 24:102–112.
Article
8. Ward J, Cockson A. Studies on a thermophilic bacillus: its isolation, properties, and temperature coefficient of growth. J Bacteriol. 1972. 112:1040–1042.
Article
9. Metzger WJ, Patterson R, Fink J, Semerdjian R, Roberts M. Sauna-takers disease. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to contaminated water in a home sauna. JAMA. 1976. 236:2209–2211.
Article
10. Scheldeman P, Pil A, Herman L, De Vos P, Heyndrickx M. Incidence and diversity of potentially highly heat-resistant spores isolated at dairy farms. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005. 71:1480–1494.
Article
11. Finley N, Fields ML. Heat activation and heat-induced dormancy of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores. Appl Microbiol. 1962. 10:231–236.
Article
12. Hill WM, Fields ML. Factors affecting growth and interaction of rough and smooth variants of Bacillus stearothermophilus. I. Oxygen tension and temperature. J Food Sci. 1967. 32:458–462.
Article
13. O'Brien RT, Campbell LL Jr. The nutritional requirements for germination and outgrowth of spores and vegetative cell growth of some aerobic spore forming bacteria. J Bacteriol. 1957. 73:522–525.
14. Martin PA, Travers RS. Worldwide abundance and distribution of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1989. 55:2437–2442.
Article
15. Stefanic P, Mandic-Mulec I. Social interactions and distribution of Bacillus subtilis pherotypes at microscale. J Bacteriol. 2009. 191:1756–1764.
Article
16. Lee SJ, Lee YW, Chung J, Lee JK, Lee JY, Jahng D, et al. Reuse of low concentrated electronic wastewater using selected microbe immobilised cell system. Water Sci Technol. 2008. 57:1191–1197.
Article
17. Salkinoja-Salonen MS, Vuorio R, Andersson MA, Kämpfer P, Andersson MC, Honkanen-Buzalski T, et al. Toxigenic Strains of Bacillus licheniformis Related to Food Poisoning. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999. 65:4637–4645.
Article
18. An SY, Asahara M, Goto K, Kasai H, Yokota A. Virgibacillus halophilus sp. nov., spore-forming bacterial isolated from soil in Japan. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2007. 57:1607–1611.
Article
19. Earl AM, Losick R, Kolter R. Ecology and genomics of Bacillus subtilis. Trends Microbiol. 2008. 16:269–275.
20. Dean DH. Biochemical genetics of the bacterial insectcontrol agent Bacillus thuringiensis: basic principles and prospects for genetic engineering. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev. 1984. 2:341–363.
Article
21. Moreira C, Rainey FA, Nobre MF, da Silva MT, da Costa MS. Tepidimonas ignava gen nov, sp nov, a new chemolithoheterotrophic and slightly thermophilic member of the beta-Proteobacteria. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2000. 50:735–742.
Article
22. Mountain BW, Benning LG, Boerema JA. Experimental studies on New Zealand hot spring sinters: rates of growth and textural development. Can J Earth Sci. 2003. 40:1643–1667.
Article
23. Kämpfer P, Falsen E, Busse HJ. Reclassification of Pseudomonas mephitica claydon and hammer 1939 as a later heterotypic synonym of Janthinobacterium lividum (Eisenberg 1891) De Ley et al. 1978. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2008. 58:136–138.
24. Stead DE. Grouping of plant-pathogenic and some other Pseudomonas spp. by using cellular fatty acid profiles. IJSEM. 1992. 42:281–295.
Article
25. Chen MY, Tsay SS, Chen KY, Shi YC, Lin YT, Lin GH. Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis sp. nov., a novel thermophilic, N2O-producing species isolated from hot springs. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2002. 52:2155–2161.
Article
26. Palleroni NJ, Bradbury JF. Stenotrophomonas, a new bacterial genus for Xanthomonas maltophilia (Hugh 1980) Swings et al. 1983. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1993. 43:606–609.
Article
27. Yokoya F, York GK. Effect of several environmental conditions on the "thermal death rate" of endospores of aerobic, thermophilic bacteria. Appl Microbiol. 1965. 13:993–999.
Article
28. Nicholson WL, Munakata N, Horneck G, Melosh HJ, Setlow P. Resistance of Bacillus endospores to extreme terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2000. 64:548–572.
Article
29. Lowe SE, Jain MK, Zeikus JG. Biology, ecology, and biotechnological applications of anaerobic bacteria adapted to environmental stresses in temperature, pH, salinity, or substrates. Microbiol Rev. 1993. 57:451–509.
Article
30. Heinen W. Growth conditions and temperature dependent substrate specificity of two extremely thermophilic bacteria. Arch Mikrobiol. 1971. 76:2–17.
Article
31. Vogt R, Larue D, Parry MF, Brokopp CD, Klaucke D, Allen J. Pseudomonas aeruginosa skin infections in persons using a whirlpool in Vermont. J Clin Microbiol. 1982. 15:571–574.
Article
Full Text Links
  • JBV
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr