1. de Groat WC, Yoshimura N. Pharmacology of the lower urinary tract. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001. 41:691–721.
2. Schneider T, Fetscher C, Krege S, Michel MC. Signal transduction underlying carbachol-induced contraction of human urinary bladder. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004. 309:1148–1153.
3. Kumar V, Cross RL, Chess-Williams R, Chapple CR. Recent advances in basic science for overactive bladder. Curr Opin Urol. 2005. 15:222–226.
4. Igawa Y. Discussion: functional role of M1, M2, and M3 muscarinic receptors in overactive bladder. Urology. 2000. 55(5A):Suppl. 47–49.
5. Chapple CR, Yamanishi T, Chess-Williams R. Muscarinic receptor subtypes and management of the overactive bladder. Urology. 2002. 60:Suppl 5A. 82–89.
6. Braverman AS, Tallarida RJ, Ruggieri MR Sr. Interaction between muscarinic receptor subtype signal transduction pathways mediating bladder contraction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2002. 283:R663–R668.
7. Lewis SA. Everything you wanted to know about the bladder epithelium but were afraid to ask. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2000. 278:F867–F874.
8. de Groat WC. The urothelium in overactive bladder: passive bystander or active participant? Urology. 2004. 64(6):Suppl 1. 7–11.
9. Kim Y, Yoshimura N, Masuda H, de Miguel F, Chancellor MB. Antimuscarinic agents exhibit local inhibitory effects on muscarinic receptors in bladder-afferent pathways. Urology. 2005. 65:238–242.
10. Yoshida M, Inadome A, Maeda Y, Satoji Y, Masunaga K, Sugiyama Y, et al. Non-neuronal cholinergic system in human bladder urothelium. Urology. 2006. 67:425–430.
11. Wefer J, Truss MC, Jonas U. Tolterodine: an overview. World J Urol. 2001. 19:312–318.
12. Yono M, Yoshida M, Takahashi W, Inadome A, Ueda S. Comparison of the effects of novel antimuscarinic drugs on human detrusor smooth muscle. BJU Int. 2000. 86:719–725.
13. Yokoyama O, Yusup A, Miwa Y, Oyama N, Aoki Y, Akino H. Effects of tolterodine on an overactive bladder depend on suppression of C-fiber bladder afferent activity in rats. J Urol. 2005. 174:2032–2036.
14. Igawa Y, Zhang X, Nishizawa O, Umeda M, Iwata A, Taketo MM, et al. Cystometric findings in mice lacking muscarinic M2 or M3 receptors. J Urol. 2004. 172:2460–2464.
15. Krichevsky VP, Pagala MK, Vaydovsky I, Damer V, Wise GJ. Function of M3 muscarinic receptors in the rat urinary bladder following partial outlet obstruction. J Urol. 1999. 161:1644–1650.
16. Yamanishi T, Chapple CR, Yasuda K, Chess-Williams R. The role of M2 muscarinic receptorsubtypes in mediating contraction of the pig bladder base after cyclic adenosine monophosphate elevation and/or selective M3 inactivation. J Urol. 2002. 167:397–401.
17. Braverman AS, Ruggieri MR Sr. Hypertrophy changes the muscarinic receptor subtype mediating bladder contraction from M3 toward M2. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003. 285:R701–R708.
18. Braverman AS, Luthin GR, Ruggieri MR. M2 muscarinic receptor contributes to contraction of the denervated rat urinary bladder. Am J Physiol. 1998. 275:1654–1660.
19. Pontari MA, Braverman AS, Ruggieri MR Sr. The M2 muscarinic receptor mediates in vitro bladder contractions from patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004. 286:R874–R880.
20. Giglio D, Delbro DS, Tobin G. On the functional role of muscarinic M2 receptors in cholinergic and purinergic responses in the rat urinary bladder. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001. 428:357–364.