Korean J Urogenit Tract Infect Inflamm.  2014 Oct;9(2):61-67. 10.14777/kjutii.2014.9.2.61.

Prostatic Disease Associated with Trichomonas vaginalis

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. jsryu@hanyang.ac.kr

Abstract

Trichomonas vaginalis is an extracellular protozoan parasite that binds to the epithelium of the human urogenital tract during infection, and causes contact-dependent cytotoxicity. Neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells known to be involved in innate immunity produced proinflammatory cytokines by stimulation with T. vaginalis. Crosstalk between vaginal epithelial cells (VEC) infected with T. vaginalis and mast cells showed increased inflammatory response compared with that by VECs only. In addition, we confirmed that T. vaginalis caused prostatitis in rat by injection via urethra, and prostate epithelial and stromal cells reacted with trichomonads produced cytokines, including interleukin-1beta, CXCL8, and CCL2, resulting in increased migration of neutrophils and monocytes. In further study, we will investigate the role of crosstalk between prostate cells infected with T. vaginalis and inflammatory cells on prostatic cell proliferation or prostatic cancerous change. However, it has not yet been determined whether prostate cancer is associated with T. vaginalis infection. In order to determine their association, a serologic test showing high sensitivity and specificity is necessary. In addition, a molecular diagnostic test with improved sensitivity should be developed for early detection and treatment of trichomoniasis.

Keyword

Trichomonas vaginalis; Prostate; Inflammation; Cytokines; Diagnosis

MeSH Terms

Animals
Cell Proliferation
Cytokines
Diagnosis
Epithelial Cells
Epithelium
Humans
Immunity, Innate
Inflammation
Interleukin-1beta
Macrophages
Mast Cells
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Parasites
Pathology, Molecular
Prostate
Prostatic Diseases*
Prostatic Neoplasms
Prostatitis
Rats
Sensitivity and Specificity
Serologic Tests
Stromal Cells
Trichomonas vaginalis*
Urethra
Cytokines
Interleukin-1beta

Reference

1. Hobbs MM, Sena AC. Modern diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Sex Transm Infect. 2013; 89:434–8.
2. Quinlivan EB, Patel SN, Grodensky CA, Golin CE, Tien HC, Hobbs MM. Modeling the impact of Trichomonas vaginalis infection on HIV transmission in HIV-infected individuals in medical care. Sex Transm Dis. 2012; 39:671–7.
Article
3. Sutcliffe S, Giovannucci E, Alderete JF, Chang TH, Gaydos CA, Zenilman JM, et al. Plasma antibodies against Trichomonas vaginalis and subsequent risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006; 15:939–45.
Article
4. Sutcliffe S, Alderete JF, Till C, Goodman PJ, Hsing AW, Zenilman JM, et al. Trichomonosis and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Int J Cancer. 2009; 124:2082–7.
Article
5. World Health Organization. Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections, 2008. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press. 2012.
6. Cheon SH, Kim SR, Song HO, Ahn MH, Ryu JS. The dimension of Trichomonas vaginalis as measured by scanning electron microscopy. Korean J Parasitol. 2013; 51:243–6.
Article
7. Ryu JS, Min DY. Trichomonas vaginalis and trichomoniasis in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 2006; 44:101–16.
Article
8. Lee KE, Kim JH, Jung MK, Arii T, Ryu JS, Han SS. Three-dimensional structure of the cytoskeleton in Trichomonas vaginalis revealed new features. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo). 2009; 58:305–13.
Article
9. Kim YS, Song HO, Choi IH, Park SJ, Ryu JS. Hydrogenosomal activity of Trichomonas vaginalis cultivated under different iron conditions. Korean J Parasitol. 2006; 44:373–8.
Article
10. Alderetex JF, Lehker MW, Arroyo R. The mechanisms and molecules involved in cytoadherence and pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasitology Today. 1995; 11:70–4.
Article
11. Kim SR, Ryu JS. Scanning electron microscopic observation of Trichomonas vaginalis contacted with human vaginal epithelial cells. Korean J Electron Microscopy. 2001; 31:235–44.
12. Ryu JS, Lee MH, Park H, Kang JH, Min DY. Survival of Trichomonas vaginalis exposed on various environmental conditions. Korean J Infect Dis. 2002; 34:373–9.
13. Sena AC, Miller WC, Hobbs MM, Schwebke JR, Leone PA, Swygard H, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis infection in male sexual partners: implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 2007; 44:13–22.
14. Seo JH, Yang HW, Joo SY, Song SM, Lee YR, Ryu JS, et al. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in men attending aprimary care urology clinic in South Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 2014; 52:551–5.
15. Ryu JS, Chung HL, Min DY, Cho YH, Ro YS, Kim SR. Diagnosis of trichomoniasis by polymerase chain reaction. Yonsei Med J. 1999; 40:56–60.
Article
16. Lee SJ, Park DC, Lee DS, Choe HS, Cho YH. Evaluation of Seeplex STD6 ACE Detection kit for the diagnosis of six bacterial sexually transmitted infections. J Infect Chemother. 2012; 18:494–500.
17. Mendoza-Lopez MR, Becerril-Garcia C, Fattel-Facenda LV, Avila-Gonzalez L, Ruiz-Tachiquin ME, Ortega-Lopez J, et al. CP30, a cysteine proteinase involved in Trichomonas vaginalis cytoadherence. Infect Immun. 2000; 68:4907–12.
18. Lustig G, Ryan CM, Secor WE, Johnson PJ. Trichomonas vaginalis contact-dependent cytolysis of epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 2013; 81:1411–9.
Article
19. Gardner WA Jr, Culberson DE, Bennett BD. Trichomonas vaginalis in the prostate gland. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1986; 110:430–2.
20. Gardner WA Jr, Culberson DE, Stafford JR. Subepithelial organisms in trichomonal cervicitis. Diagn Cytopathol. 1987; 3:227–9.
Article
21. Nam YH, Min D, Kim HP, Song KJ, Kim KA, Lee YA, et al. Leukotriene B4 receptor BLT-mediated phosphorylation of NF-κB and CREB is involved in IL-8 production in human mast cells induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products. Microbes Infect. 2011; 13:1211–20.
Article
22. Twu O, Dessi D, Vu A, Mercer F, Stevens GC, de Miguel N, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis homolog of macrophage migration inhibitory factor induces prostate cell growth, invasiveness, and inflammatory responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014; 111:8179–84.
Article
23. Ryu JS, Yoon K, Ha SE, Min DY, Ahn MH. Comparision of three trichomonas antigens for the detection of IgG antibody in serum. Korean J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 3:62–8.
24. Min DY, Hyun KH, Ryu JS, Ahn MH, Cho MH. Degradations of human immunoglobulins and hemoglobin by a 60 kDa cysteine proteinase of Trichomonas vaginalis. Korean J Parasitol. 1998; 36:261–8.
Article
25. Ryu JS, Shin MH, Min DY. Antibody induced capping of surface antigens in trichomonas vaginalis. Yonsei Rep Trop Med. 1992; 23:27–31.
26. Kucknoor AS, Mundodi V, Alderete JF. The proteins secreted by Trichomonas vaginalis and vaginal epithelial cell response to secreted and episomally expressed AP65. Cell Microbiol. 2007; 9:2586–97.
Article
27. Han IH, Park SJ, Ahn MH, Ryu JS. Involvement of mast cells in inflammation induced by Trichomonas vaginalis via crosstalk with vaginal epithelial cells. Parasite Immunol. 2012; 34:8–14.
Article
28. Ryu JS, Kang JH, Jung SY, Shin MH, Kim JM, Park H, et al. Production of interleukin-8 by human neutrophils stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis. Infect Immun. 2004; 72:1326–32.
29. Han IH, Goo SY, Park SJ, Hwang SJ, Kim YS, Yang MS, et al. Proinflammatory cytokine and nitric oxide production by human macrophages stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis. Korean J Parasitol. 2009; 47:205–12.
Article
30. Im SJ, Ahn MH, Han IH, Song HO, Kim YS, Kim HM, et al. Histamine and TNF-alpha release by rat peritoneal mast cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasite. 2011; 18:49–55.
31. Pontari MA, Ruggieri MR. Mechanisms in prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol. 2004; 172:839–45.
Article
32. Weidner W, Schiefer HG, Krauss H, Jantos C, Friedrich HJ, Altmannsberger M. Chronic prostatitis: a thorough search for etiologically involved microorganisms in 1,461 patients. Infection. 1991; 19(Suppl 3):S119–25.
Article
33. Skerk V, Krhen I, Schonwald S, Cajic V, Markovinovic L, Roglic S, et al. The role of unusual pathogens in prostatitis syndrome. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2004; 24(Suppl 1):S53–6.
Article
34. Lee JJ, Moon HS, Lee TY, Hwang HS, Ahn MH, Ryu JS. PCR for diagnosis of male Trichomonas vaginalis infection with chronic prostatitis and urethritis. Korean J Parasitol. 2012; 50:157–9.
Article
35. Mitteregger D, Aberle SW, Makristathis A, Walochnik J, Brozek W, Marberger M, et al. High detection rate of Trichomonas vaginalis in benign hyperplastic prostatic tissue. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2012; 201:113–6.
Article
36. Jang KS, Choi HG, Im SJ, Ro JS, Lee SJ, Ahn MH, et al. Rat prostatitis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis injection via urethra. Proceedings of the 9th Annual Meeting of KAUTII, Seoul. 2011. 67.
37. Seo MY, Im SJ, Gu NY, Kim JH, Chung YH, Ahn MH, et al. Inflammatory response of prostate epithelial cells to stimulation by Trichomonas vaginalis. Prostate. 2014; 74:441–9.
Article
38. Gu NY, Ahn MH, Ryu JS, Chung YH. Involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome in production of IL-1β by human prostate epithelial cell stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis. Proceedings of the 55th annual meeting of The Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Cheonan. 2013. 18.
39. Im SJ, Ahn MH, Ryu JS. Inflammation of prostate stromal cell stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis. Proceedings of the 53rd annual meeting of The Korean Society for Parasitology, Osong. 2011. 31.
40. Stark JR, Judson G, Alderete JF, Mundodi V, Kucknoor AS, Giovannucci EL, et al. Prospective study of Trichomonas vaginalis infection and prostate cancer incidence and mortality: Physicians' Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009; 101:1406–11.
Article
41. Al-Mayah QS, Al-Saadi MAK, Jabbar RN. Trichomonas vaginalis infection as a risk factor for prostate cancer. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2013; 2:105–13.
42. Sfanos KS, Sauvageot J, Fedor HL, Dick JD, De Marzo AM, Isaacs WB. A molecular analysis of prokaryotic and viral DNA sequences in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer indicates the presence of multiple and diverse microorganisms. Prostate. 2008; 68:306–20.
Article
43. Groom HC, Warren AY, Neal DE, Bishop KN. No evidence for infection of UK prostate cancer patients with XMRV, BK virus, Trichomonas vaginalis or human papilloma viruses. PLoS One. 2012; 7:e34221.
Article
44. Yow MA, Tabrizi SN, Severi G, Bolton DM, Pedersen J, Longano A, et al. Detection of infectious organisms in archival prostate cancer tissues. BMC Cancer. 2014; 14:579.
Article
45. Kim JH, Gu NY, Kim SR, Park SJ, Ahn MH, Ryu JS. Comparison between use of mixed lysate antigen and α-actinin antigen in ELISA for serodiagnosis of trichomoniasis. Proceedings of the 21st Federation Meeting of Korean Basic Medical Scientists, Chuncheon. 2013. 143.
46. Neace CJ, Alderete JF. Epitopes of the highly immunogenic Trichomonas vaginalis α-actinin are serodiagnostic targets for both women and men. J Clin Microbiol. 2013; 51:2483–90.
Article
47. Grivennikov SI, Greten FR, Karin M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell. 2010; 140:883–99.
Article
48. Gurel B, Lucia MS, Thompson IM Jr, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Kristal AR, et al. Chronic inflammation in benign prostate tissue is associated with high-grade prostate cancer in the placebo arm of the prostate cancer prevention trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014; 23:847–56.
Article
49. Robert G, Descazeaud A, Nicolaiew N, Terry S, Sirab N, Vacherot F, et al. Inflammation in benign prostatic hyperplasia: a 282 patients' immunohistochemical analysis. Prostate. 2009; 69:1774–80.
Article
50. Handisurya A, Steiner GE, Stix U, Ecker RC, Pfaffeneder-Mantai S, Langer D, et al. Differential expression of interleukin-15, a proinflammatory cytokine and T-cell growth factor, and its receptor in human prostate. Prostate. 2001; 49:251–62.
Article
51. Kramer G, Mitteregger D, Marberger M. Is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) an immune inflammatory disease? Eur Urol. 2007; 51:1202–16.
Article
52. Fujita K, Ewing CM, Getzenberg RH, Parsons JK, Isaacs WB, Pavlovich CP. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) is associated with prostatic growth dysregulation and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate. 2010; 70:473–81.
Article
53. Fibbi B, Penna G, Morelli A, Adorini L, Maggi M. Chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int J Androl. 2010; 33:475–88.
Article
54. McDowell KL, Begley LA, Mor-Vaknin N, Markovitz DM, Macoska JA. Leukocytic promotion of prostate cellular proliferation. Prostate. 2010; 70:377–89.
Article
55. Bardan R, Dumache R, Dema A, Cumpanas A, Bucuras V. The role of prostatic inflammation biomarkers in the diagnosis of prostate diseases. Clin Biochem. 2014; 47:909–15.
Article
Full Text Links
  • KJUTII
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr