J Clin Neurol.  2010 Dec;6(4):167-182. 10.3988/jcn.2010.6.4.167.

Deep Brain Stimulation: Technology at the Cutting Edge

• Shah RS
• Chang SY
• Min HK
• Cho ZH
• Blaha CD
• Lee KH

• KMID: 1462802
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2010.6.4.167

Abstract

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery has been performed in over 75,000 people worldwide, and has been shown to be an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, tremor, dystonia, epilepsy, depression, Tourette's syndrome, and obsessive compulsive disorder. We review current and emerging evidence for the role of DBS in the management of a range of neurological and psychiatric conditions, and discuss the technical and practical aspects of performing DBS surgery. In the future, evolution of DBS technology may depend on several key areas, including better scientific understanding of its underlying mechanism of action, advances in high-spatial resolution imaging and development of novel electrophysiological and neurotransmitter microsensor systems. Such developments could form the basis of an intelligent closed-loop DBS system with feedback-guided neuromodulation to optimize both electrode placement and therapeutic efficacy.

Keyword

deep brain stimulation; Parkinson's disease; mechanism of action

MeSH Terms

Brain
Deep Brain Stimulation
Depression
Dystonia
Electrodes
Epilepsy
Neurotransmitter Agents
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Parkinson Disease
Tourette Syndrome
Tremor
Neurotransmitter Agents

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 Sagittal (A) and coronal (B) images obtained by 7.0 T MRI using a brain-optimized sensitivity encoding coil. Areas shown are the most complex areas in the brain with numerous nuclei readily visible, including subthalamic nucleus (STN), substantia nigra (SN), claustrum (Cl), putamen (Pu), globus pallidus externa and interna (GPe and GPi), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), third ventricle (3V), and hippocampus (HC) among others.

• 

  Fig. 2 Plots showing wireless detection of adenosine using WINCS at a CFM in vitro. A: Pseudocolor plot obtained during a 20 second flow cell injection of 5 µM adenosine, exhibiting 3D information. The x axis, y axis, and color gradient indicate time, voltage applied at the CFM, and current (I) detected from the CFM, respectively. The FSCV waveform was applied from -0.4 V to +1.5 V and back to -0.4 V at 400 V/second every 100 msec. A green oval surrounded by a purple ring first appears around +1.5 V after the adenosine injection, and this represents the first oxidative peak of adenosine. A second oxidative peak around +1.0 V occurs after the appearance of the first oxidative peak. B: Graph showing current versus time traces for the first and second peak oxidative currents (taken along horizontal black and red dotted lines respectively on 2A). C: A representative background-subtracted folded voltammogram of adenosine, showing 1st and 2nd oxidative peaks (taken along vertical solid black line in 2A). D: Picture of the WINCS device chipset relative to a United States quarter dollar coin. WINCS: Wireless Instantaneous Neurotransmitter Concentration System, CFM: carbon-fiber microelectrodes, FSCV: fast scan cyclic voltammetry.

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