Korean J Physiol Pharmacol.  2013 Feb;17(1):73-79. 10.4196/kjpp.2013.17.1.73.

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Superbacterial Activity of Polyphenols Isolated from Black Raspberry

• Kim SK
• Kim H
• Kim SA
• Park HK
• Kim W

• KMID: 1432766
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2013.17.1.73

Abstract

The fruit of the black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel) has been employed in traditional medicine, and recent studies have demonstrated its measureable biological activities. However, the root of the black raspberry has not been studied. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of the root and unripe fruit polyphenols of the black raspberry. Both polyphenols proved to have anti-inflammatory activity as evidenced by the decreased nitric oxide (NO), cytokines (IL-1beta , IL-6, and IL-10) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. However, root polyphenols showed stronger anti-inflammatory activity than fruit polyphenols. LPS-induced mRNA and protein expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 levels were also decreased, confirming the anti-inflammatory activity. Root polyphenols showed lethal activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), and Bacillus anthracis. In contrast, the black raspberry fruit did not demonstrate these properties. These data provide the first demonstration that black raspberry root has potential anti-inflammatory and anti-superbacterial properties that can be exploited as alternatives for use in the food and cosmetic industries and/or as pharmaceuticals.

Keyword

Anti-inflammatory effect; Antimicrobial activity; Black raspberry; Cytokine; RAW 264.7 murine macrophages

MeSH Terms

Acinetobacter baumannii
Bacillus anthracis
Cosmetics
Cytokines
Dinoprostone
Fruit
Interleukin-6
Macrophages
Medicine, Traditional
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Nitric Oxide
Nitric Oxide Synthase
Polyphenols
Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases
RNA, Messenger
Cosmetics
Cytokines
Dinoprostone
Interleukin-6
Nitric Oxide
Nitric Oxide Synthase
Polyphenols
Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases
RNA, Messenger

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 The cell viability of Raw 264.7 cells with the polyphenol of black raspberry at different concentrations. Cells were treated for 24 hr with 0, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 or 100 µg/ml of polyphenols in the presence of 0.1 µg/ml LPS. The normal group was treated with media only. The results are expressed as the mean±SE from three independent experiments. PBR, polyphenol of black raspberry root; PBF, polyphenol of black raspberry fruit.

• 

  Fig. 2 Suppression of LPS-induced NO and PGE2 production in RAW264.7 cells by the polyphenol of black raspberry. Cells were treated for 18 hr with 0, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 or 100 µg/ml of polyphenols in the presence of 0.1 µg/ml LPS. The normal group was treated with media only. The results are expressed as the mean±SE from three independent experiments. PBR, polyphenol of black raspberry root; PBF, polyphenol of black raspberry fruit.

• 

  Fig. 3 Suppression of LPS-induced cytokine production (i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) in RAW264.7 cells by the polyphenol of black raspberry. RAW264.7 cells were treated for 18 h with 0, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 or 100 µg/ml of polyphenols in the presence of 0.1 µg/ml LPS. The normal group was treated with media only. The cell culture media were then collected. The results are expressed as the mean±SE from three independent experiments. PBR, polyphenol of black raspberry root; PBF, polyphenol of black raspberry fruit.

• 

  Fig. 4 Effects of PBR on mRNA levels of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The cells were treated with LPS or LPS plus black raspberry root polyphenol at concentrations indicated in Fig. 4. After 24 hr of incubation, total RNA was subjected to qRT-PCR. The RT products were labeled with SYBR Green dye. Relative iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression (2-#x0394;ΔCt) were determined by real-time PCR and calculated by the Ct value for iNOS and COX-2 from β-actin mRNA. ΔΔCt = (Cttarget gene-Ctβ-actin)-(Ctcontrol-Ctβ-actin). Each value represents the mean±SE of three independent experiments.

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