5. Schoenfeld BJ, Contreras B. 2014; The muscle pump: potential mechanisms and applications for enhancing hypertrophic adaptations. Strength Cond J. 36:21–5. DOI:
10.1519/SSC.0000000000000021.
9. Adams GR. 2006; Satellite cell proliferation and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 31:782–90. DOI:
10.1139/h06-053. PMID:
17213900.
Article
10. Park J, Mcllvain V, Rosenberg J, Donovan L, Desai P, Kim JY. 2022; The mechanisms of anabolic steroids, selective androgen receptor modulators and myostatin inhibitors. Korean J Sports Med. 40:67–85. DOI:
10.5763/kjsm.2022.40.2.67.
Article
14. Relaix F, Zammit PS. 2012; Satellite cells are essential for skeletal muscle regeneration: the cell on the edge returns centre stage. Development. 139:2845–56. DOI:
10.1242/dev.069088. PMID:
22833472.
15. Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Smith K, Atherton PJ. 2019; It's not just about protein turnover: the role of ribosomal biogenesis and satellite cells in the regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Eur J Sport Sci. 19:952–63. DOI:
10.1080/17461391.2019.1569726. PMID:
30741116.
Article
16. Murach KA, Englund DA, Dupont-Versteegden EE, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. 2018; Myonuclear domain flexibility challenges rigid assumptions on satellite cell contribution to skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy. Front Physiol. 9:635. DOI:
10.3389/fphys.2018.00635. PMID:
29896117. PMCID:
PMC5986879.
Article
17. Bruusgaard JC, Johansen IB, Egner IM, Rana ZA, Gundersen K. 2010; Myonuclei acquired by overload exercise precede hypertrophy and are not lost on detraining. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107:15111–6. DOI:
10.1073/pnas.0913935107. PMID:
20713720. PMCID:
PMC2930527.
Article
18. Hernández-Hernández JM, García-González EG, Brun CE, Rudnicki MA. 2017; The myogenic regulatory factors, determinants of muscle development, cell identity and regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 72:10–8. DOI:
10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.010.
Article
19. Sousa-Victor P, García-Prat L, Muñoz-Cánoves P. 2022; Control of satellite cell function in muscle regeneration and its disruption in ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 23:204–26. DOI:
10.1038/s41580-021-00421-2. PMID:
34663964.
20. Haun CT, Vann CG, Roberts BM, Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ, Roberts MD. 2019; A critical evaluation of the biological construct skeletal muscle hypertrophy: size matters but so does the measurement. Front Physiol. 10:247. DOI:
10.3389/fphys.2019.00247. PMID:
30930796. PMCID:
PMC6423469.
Article
22. Haun CT, Vann CG, Osburn SC, et al. 2019; Muscle fiber hypertrophy in response to 6 weeks of high-volume resistance training in trained young men is largely attributed to sarcoplasmic hypertrophy. PLoS One. 14:e0215267. DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0215267. PMID:
31166954. PMCID:
PMC6550381.
Article
23. Picard M, Hepple RT, Burelle Y. 2012; Mitochondrial functional specialization in glycolytic and oxidative muscle fibers: tailoring the organelle for optimal function. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 302:C629–41. DOI:
10.1152/ajpcell.00368.2011. PMID:
22031602.
Article
24. van Wessel T, de Haan A, van der Laarse WJ, Jaspers RT. 2010; The muscle fiber type-fiber size paradox: hypertrophy or oxidative metabolism? Eur J Appl Physiol. 110:665–94. DOI:
10.1007/s00421-010-1545-0. PMID:
20602111. PMCID:
PMC2957584.
Article
25. de Freitas MC, Gerosa-Neto J, Zanchi NE, Lira FS, Rossi FE. 2017; Role of metabolic stress for enhancing muscle adaptations: practical applications. World J Methodol. 7:46–54. DOI:
10.5662/wjm.v7.i2.46. PMID:
28706859. PMCID:
PMC5489423.
27. Roberts MD, Haun CT, Vann CG, Osburn SC, Young KC. 2020; Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy in skeletal muscle: a scientific "Unicorn" or resistance training adaptation? Front Physiol. 11:816. DOI:
10.3389/fphys.2020.00816. PMID:
32760293. PMCID:
PMC7372125.
Article
28. Moore DR, Tang JE, Burd NA, Rerecich T, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. 2009; Differential stimulation of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis with protein ingestion at rest and after resistance exercise. J Physiol. 587(Pt 4):897–904. DOI:
10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164087. PMID:
19124543. PMCID:
PMC2669978.
29. Vann CG, Roberson PA, Osburn SC, et al. 2020; Skeletal muscle myofibrillar protein abundance is higher in resistance-trained men, and aging in the absence of training may have an opposite effect. Sports (Basel). 8:7. DOI:
10.3390/sports8010007. PMID:
31936810. PMCID:
PMC7022975.
Article
30. Douglas J, Pearson S, Ross A, McGuigan M. 2017; Eccentric exercise: physiological characteristics and acute responses. Sports Med. 47:663–75. DOI:
10.1007/s40279-016-0624-8. PMID:
27638040.
Article
31. De Souza EO, Lowery RP, Wilson JM, et al. 2016; Effects of arachidonic acid supplementation on acute anabolic signaling and chronic functional performance and body composition adaptations. PLoS One. 11:e0155153. DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0155153. PMID:
27182886. PMCID:
PMC4868363.
Article
32. Schoenfeld BJ. 2012; The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for exercise-induced muscle damage: implications for skeletal muscle development. Sports Med. 42:1017–28. DOI:
10.1007/BF03262309. PMID:
23013520.
Article
33. Costamagna D, Costelli P, Sampaolesi M, Penna F. 2015; Role of inflammation in muscle homeostasis and myogenesis. Mediators Inflamm. 2015:805172. DOI:
10.1155/2015/805172. PMID:
26508819. PMCID:
PMC4609834.
34. Arnold L, Henry A, Poron F, et al. 2007; Inflammatory monocytes recruited after skeletal muscle injury switch into antiinflammatory macrophages to support myogenesis. J Exp Med. 204:1057–69. DOI:
10.1084/jem.20070075. PMID:
17485518. PMCID:
PMC2118577.
Article
35. Markworth JF, Cameron-Smith D. 2013; Arachidonic acid supplementation enhances in vitro skeletal muscle cell growth via a COX-2-dependent pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 304:C56–67. DOI:
10.1152/ajpcell.00038.2012. PMID:
23076795.
Article
37. Korotkova M, Lundberg IE. 2014; The skeletal muscle arachidonic acid cascade in health and inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 10:295–303. DOI:
10.1038/nrrheum.2014.2. PMID:
24468934.
39. Palmer RM. 1990; Prostaglandins and the control of muscle protein synthesis and degradation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 39:95–104. DOI:
10.1016/0952-3278(90)90017-F.
Article
40. Sanchez AM, Bernardi H, Py G, Candau RB. 2014; Autophagy is essential to support skeletal muscle plasticity in response to endurance exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 307:R956–69. DOI:
10.1152/ajpregu.00187.2014. PMID:
25121614.
Article
44. Woods JA, Wilund KR, Martin SA, Kistler BM. 2012; Exercise, inflammation and aging. Aging Dis. 3:130–40.
46. Straughn AR, Hindi SM, Xiong G, Kumar A. 2019; Canonical NF-κB signaling regulates satellite stem cell homeostasis and function during regenerative myogenesis. J Mol Cell Biol. 11:53–66. DOI:
10.1093/jmcb/mjy053. PMID:
30239789.
Article
47. Vella L, Markworth JF, Peake JM, Snow RJ, Cameron-Smith D, Russell AP. 2014; Ibuprofen supplementation and its effects on NF-κB activation in skeletal muscle following resistance exercise. Physiol Rep. 2:e12172. DOI:
10.14814/phy2.12172. PMID:
25344476. PMCID:
PMC4254097.
51. von Maltzahn J, Bentzinger CF, Rudnicki MA. 2011; Wnt7a-Fzd7 signalling directly activates the Akt/mTOR anabolic growth pathway in skeletal muscle. Nat Cell Biol. 14:186–91. DOI:
10.1038/ncb2404. PMID:
22179044. PMCID:
PMC3271181.
Article
56. Le Grand F, Jones AE, Seale V, Scimè A, Rudnicki MA. 2009; Wnt7a activates the planar cell polarity pathway to drive the symmetric expansion of satellite stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. 4:535–47. DOI:
10.1016/j.stem.2009.03.013. PMID:
19497282. PMCID:
PMC2743383.
Article
57. Huraskin D, Eiber N, Reichel M, et al. 2016; Wnt/β-catenin signaling via Axin2 is required for myogenesis and, together with YAP/Taz and Tead1, active in IIa/IIx muscle fibers. Development. 143:3128–42. DOI:
10.1242/dev.139907. PMID:
27578179.
Article
59. Tidball JG, Welc SS. 2015; Macrophage-derived IGF-1 is a potent coordinator of myogenesis and inflammation in regenerating muscle. Mol Ther. 23:1134–5. DOI:
10.1038/mt.2015.97. PMID:
26122828. PMCID:
PMC4817792.
Article
60. Philippou A, Maridaki M, Pneumaticos S, Koutsilieris M. 2014; The complexity of the IGF1 gene splicing, posttranslational modification and bioactivity. Mol Med. 20:202–14. DOI:
10.2119/molmed.2014.00011. PMID:
24637928. PMCID:
PMC4022784.
Article
65. Philippou A, Papageorgiou E, Bogdanis G, et al. 2009; Expression of IGF-1 isoforms after exercise-induced muscle damage in humans: characterization of the MGF E peptide actions in vitro. In Vivo. 23:567–75.
66. Matheny RW Jr, Nindl BC, Adamo ML. 2010; Minireview: Mechano-growth factor: a putative product of IGF-I gene expression involved in tissue repair and regeneration. Endocrinology. 151:865–75. DOI:
10.1210/en.2009-1217. PMID:
20130113. PMCID:
PMC2840678.
Article
67. Aboalola D, Han VK. 2017; Different effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor-2 on myogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Int. 2017:8286248. DOI:
10.1155/2017/8286248. PMID:
29387091. PMCID:
PMC5745708.
Article
68. Dreyer HC, Fujita S, Cadenas JG, Chinkes DL, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. 2006; Resistance exercise increases AMPK activity and reduces 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 576(Pt 2):613–24. DOI:
10.1113/jphysiol.2006.113175. PMID:
16873412. PMCID:
PMC1890364.
Article
71. Tremblay F, Marette A. 2001; Amino acid and insulin signaling via the mTOR/p70 S6 kinase pathway: a negative feedback mechanism leading to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 276:38052–60. DOI:
10.1074/jbc.M106703200. PMID:
11498541.
74. Zhang P, Liang X, Shan T, et al. 2015; mTOR is necessary for proper satellite cell activity and skeletal muscle regeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 463:102–8. DOI:
10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.032. PMID:
25998386. PMCID:
PMC4484853.
76. Bohé J, Low JF, Wolfe RR, Rennie MJ. 2001; Latency and duration of stimulation of human muscle protein synthesis during continuous infusion of amino acids. J Physiol. 532(Pt 2):575–9. DOI:
10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0575f.x. PMID:
11306673. PMCID:
PMC2278544.
77. Atherton PJ, Etheridge T, Watt PW, et al. 2010; Muscle full effect after oral protein: time-dependent concordance and discordance between human muscle protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling. Am J Clin Nutr. 92:1080–8. DOI:
10.3945/ajcn.2010.29819. PMID:
20844073.
Article
78. Norton LE, Wilson GJ. 2009; Optimal protein intake to maximize muscle protein synthesis: examinations of optimal meal protein intake and frequency for athletes. Agro Food Ind Hi Tech. 20:54–7.
79. Areta JL, Burke LM, Ross ML, et al. 2013; Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis. J Physiol. 591:2319–31. DOI:
10.1113/jphysiol.2012.244897. PMID:
23459753. PMCID:
PMC3650697.
Article
80. Slater GJ, Dieter BP, Marsh DJ, Helms ER, Shaw G, Iraki J. 2019; Is an energy surplus required to maximize skeletal muscle hypertrophy associated with resistance training. Front Nutr. 6:131. DOI:
10.3389/fnut.2019.00131. PMID:
31482093. PMCID:
PMC6710320.
Article
81. Zanchi NE, Gerlinger-Romero F, Guimarães-Ferreira L, et al. 2011; HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action. Amino Acids. 40:1015–25. DOI:
10.1007/s00726-010-0678-0. PMID:
20607321.
Article
82. Hector AJ, Phillips SM. 2018; Protein recommendations for weight loss in elite athletes: a focus on body composition and performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 28:170–7. DOI:
10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0273. PMID:
29182451.
83. Gallagher PM, Touchberry CD, Teson K, McCabe E, Tehel M, Wacker MJ. 2013; Effects of an acute bout of resistance exercise on fiber-type specific to GLUT4 and IGF-1R expression. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 38:581–6. DOI:
10.1139/apnm-2012-0301. PMID:
23668768.
84. Zhang W, Liu HT. 2002; MAPK signal pathways in the regulation of cell proliferation in mammalian cells. Cell Res. 12:9–18. DOI:
10.1038/sj.cr.7290105. PMID:
11942415.
86. Al-Shanti N, Stewart CE. 2009; Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent transcriptional pathways: potential mediators of skeletal muscle growth and development. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 84:637–52. DOI:
10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00090.x. PMID:
19725819.
87. Naya FJ, Mercer B, Shelton J, Richardson JA, Williams RS, Olson EN. 2000; Stimulation of slow skeletal muscle fiber gene expression by calcineurin in vivo. J Biol Chem. 275:4545–8. DOI:
10.1074/jbc.275.7.4545. PMID:
10671477.
Article
90. Lee SJ, Huynh TV, Lee YS, et al. 2012; Role of satellite cells versus myofibers in muscle hypertrophy induced by inhibition of the myostatin/activin signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109:E2353–60. DOI:
10.1073/pnas.1206410109. PMID:
22869749. PMCID:
PMC3435227.
Article
91. Rodriguez J, Vernus B, Chelh I, et al. 2014; Myostatin and the skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy signaling pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci. 71:4361–71. DOI:
10.1007/s00018-014-1689-x. PMID:
25080109.
Article
93. Zhu X, Topouzis S, Liang LF, Stotish RL. 2004; Myostatin signaling through Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 is regulated by the inhibitory Smad7 by a negative feedback mechanism. Cytokine. 26:262–72. DOI:
10.1016/j.cyto.2004.03.007. PMID:
15183844.
Article
94. Walker RG, Poggioli T, Katsimpardi L, et al. 2016; Biochemistry and biology of GDF11 and myostatin: similarities, differences, and questions for future investigation. Circ Res. 118:1125–42. DOI:
10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308391. PMID:
27034275. PMCID:
PMC4818972.
95. Mendias CL, Lynch EB, Gumucio JP, et al. 2015; Changes in skeletal muscle and tendon structure and function following genetic inactivation of myostatin in rats. J Physiol. 593:2037–52. DOI:
10.1113/jphysiol.2014.287144. PMID:
25640143. PMCID:
PMC4405758.
Article
96. Guo T, Jou W, Chanturiya T, Portas J, Gavrilova O, McPherron AC. 2009; Myostatin inhibition in muscle, but not adipose tissue, decreases fat mass and improves insulin sensitivity. PLoS One. 4:e4937. DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0004937. PMID:
19295913. PMCID:
PMC2654157.
Article
97. Schuelke M, Wagner KR, Stolz LE, et al. 2004; Myostatin mutation associated with gross muscle hypertrophy in a child. N Engl J Med. 350:2682–8. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMoa040933. PMID:
15215484.
Article
99. Le W, Yao J. 2017; The effect of myostatin (GDF-8) on proliferation and tenocyte differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol. 22:200–7. DOI:
10.1142/S0218810417500253. PMID:
28506172.