Diabetes Metab J.  2019 Dec;43(6):879-892. 10.4093/dmj.2018.0202.

Premeal Consumption of a Protein-Enriched, Dietary Fiber-Fortified Bar Decreases Total Energy Intake in Healthy Individuals

• Ahn CH
• Bae JH
• Cho YM

• KMID: 2466508
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0202

Abstract

BACKGROUND
A premeal load of protein can increase satiety and reduce energy intake. Dietary fiber also conveys metabolic benefits by modulating energy intake. We made a protein-enriched, dietary fiber-fortified bar (PFB) and aimed to investigate its effects on food intake and gut hormone secretion in healthy individuals.
METHODS
Twenty subjects with normal glucose tolerance were enrolled. On three separate visits, the subjects received, in a randomized order, one of the following: a PFB containing 73 kcal with 10.7 g of protein and 12.7 g of dietary fiber; a usual bar (UB) containing the same calories as the PFB but only 0.9 g of protein and no dietary fiber; or water (control). After 15 minutes, the subjects had ad libitum intake of a test meal. Food consumption, appetite, and plasma gut hormone levels were measured.
RESULTS
Total energy intake, including the bar and the test meal, was significantly reduced with the PFB preload compared to the water (904.4±534.9 kcal vs. 1,075.0±508.0 kcal, P=0.016). With the UB preload, only the intake of the test meal was reduced (P=0.044) but not the total energy intake (P=0.471) than the water. Fullness was also significantly increased after the PFB. In addition, postprandial glucose levels decreased and glucagon-like peptide-1 levels increased with the PFB compared with both the UB and water.
CONCLUSION
In healthy individuals, a premeal supplementation of PFB reduced total energy intake and decreased postprandial glucose excursion. This finding necessitates long-term studies regarding clinical use in obesity.

Keyword

Dietary fiber; Glucagon-like peptide 1; Peptide YY; Proteins

MeSH Terms

Appetite
Dietary Fiber
Eating
Energy Intake*
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
Glucose
Meals
Obesity
Peptide YY
Plasma
Water
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
Glucose
Peptide YY
Water

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 The total energy intake for 120 minutes (A) and energy intake of each time interval during the study (B), changes of appetite (C), and changes of fullness (D) after each premeal supplementation. Data are mean±standard error of the mean. (A) P for analysis of variance (ANOVA) was 0.008, (B) P for ANOVA for 0 to 30 minutes and for 30 to 120 minutes were <0.001 and 0.032, respectively. (C) For appetite, P for time was <0.001, P for preload was 0.560, and P for time-by-preload interaction was 0.469. (D) For fullness, P for time was <0.001, P for preload was 0.880, and P for time-by-preload interaction was 0.011. UB, usual bar; PFB, protein-enriched dietary fiber-fortified bar; VAS, visual analog scale. aP<0.05 by post hoc analysis.

• 

  Fig. 2 The changes of (A) plasma glucose, (C) insulin, (E) glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), (G) peptide YY (PYY), (I) active ghrelin levels, and (B, D, F, H, J) their incremental area under the curves (iAUCs), respectively, after each premeal supplementation. Data are mean±standard error of the mean. (A) For glucose, P for time was <0.001, P for preload was 0.102, and P for time-by-preload interaction was <0.001. (C) For insulin, P for time was <0.001, P for preload was 0.649, and P for time-by-preload interaction was <0.183. (E) For GLP-1, P for time was <0.001, P for preload was 0.096, and P for time-by-preload interaction was <0.001. (G) For PYY, P for time was <0.001, P for preload was 0.972, and P for time-by-preload interaction was <0.638. (I) For active ghrelin, P for time was 0.017, P for preload was 0.710, and P for time-by-preload interaction was 0.912. UB, usual bar; PFB, protein-enriched dietary fiber-fortified bar; AUC, area under the curve. aP<0.05 by post hoc analysis between PFB and water control, bP<0.05 by post hoc analysis both for PFB vs. UB and PFB vs. water control.

• 

  Fig. 3 Correlation analyses of the difference in energy intake for the first 30 minutes and the difference in the (A) insulin at 0 minute, (B) insulin at 30 minutes, (C) glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) at 0 minute, (D) GLP-1 at 30 minutes. (E) peptide YY (PYY) at 0 minute, (F) PYY at 30 minutes, (G) active ghrelin at 0 minute, and (H) active ghrelin at 30 minutes between the protein-enriched dietary fiber-fortified bar (PFB) and water preloads. Linear regression analysis was done for each parameter. The difference in insulin at 0 minutes, PYY at 0 minutes, and PYY at 30 minutes were only significantly correlated with the difference in energy intake for the first 30 minutes between the PFB and water preloads.

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