J Korean Med Sci.  2016 Sep;31(9):1413-1418. 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.9.1413.

Association between Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea. bonjeong@cnu.ac.kr

Abstract

We investigated an association between serum Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) level and cardiovascular risk in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). A total of 107 participants were screened for T2D and divided into a T2D group and a control group (without diabetes). We used the Framingham risk score (FRS) and the New Pooled Cohort Equation score to estimate the 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Serum GDF15 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Correlation analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between GDF15 level and cardiovascular risk scores. The mean serum GDF15 level was elevated in the T2D group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). A positive correlation was evident between serum GDF15 level and age (r = 0.418, P = 0.001), the FRS (r = 0.457, P < 0.001), and the Pooled Cohort Equation score (r = 0.539, P < 0.001). After adjusting for age, LDL-C level, and body mass index (BMI), the serum GDF15 level was positively correlated with the FRS and the New Pooled Cohort Equation score. The serum GDF15 level is independently associated with cardiovascular risk scores of newly diagnosed T2D patients. This suggests that the level of GDF15 may be a useful predictive biomarker of cardiovascular risk in newly diagnosed T2D patients.

Keyword

Growth Differentiation Factor 15; Cardiovascular Disease; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

MeSH Terms

Adult
Aged
Biomarkers/blood
Body Mass Index
Cardiovascular Diseases/*etiology
Cholesterol, LDL/blood
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood/complications/*diagnosis
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Female
Growth Differentiation Factor 15/*blood
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Risk Factors
Biomarkers
Cholesterol, LDL
Growth Differentiation Factor 15

Figure

  • Fig. 1 The differences of serum growth differentiated factor 15 (GDF15) levels in control without diabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) groups. * P < 0.001.


Cited by  1 articles

Serum R-Spondin 1 Is a New Surrogate Marker for Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Yea Eun Kang, Ji Min Kim, Hyon-Seung Yi, Kyong Hye Joung, Ju Hee Lee, Hyun Jin Kim, Bon Jeong Ku
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(3):368-376.    doi: 10.4093/dmj.2018.0066.


Reference

1. Guariguata L, Whiting DR, Hambleton I, Beagley J, Linnenkamp U, Shaw JE. Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014; 103:137–149.
2. Grundy SM, Howard B, Smith S Jr, Eckel R, Redberg R, Bonow RO. Prevention conference VI: diabetes and cardiovascular disease: executive summary: conference proceeding for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2002; 105:2231–2239.
3. Lloyd-Jones DM, Wilson PW, Larson MG, Beiser A, Leip EP, D’Agostino RB, Levy D. Framingham risk score and prediction of lifetime risk for coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2004; 94:20–24.
4. Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D’Agostino RB Sr, Gibbons R, Greenland P, Lackland DT, Levy D, O’Donnell CJ, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 63:2935–2959.
5. Bootcov MR, Bauskin AR, Valenzuela SM, Moore AG, Bansal M, He XY, Zhang HP, Donnellan M, Mahler S, Pryor K, et al. MIC-1, a novel macrophage inhibitory cytokine, is a divergent member of the TGF-β superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997; 94:11514–11519.
6. Bermúdez B, López S, Pacheco YM, Villar J, Muriana FJ, Hoheisel JD, Bauer A, Abia R. Influence of postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins on lipid-mediated gene expression in smooth muscle cells of the human coronary artery. Cardiovasc Res. 2008; 79:294–303.
7. Ding Q, Mracek T, Gonzalez-Muniesa P, Kos K, Wilding J, Trayhurn P, Bing C. Identification of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in adipose tissue and its secretion as an adipokine by human adipocytes. Endocrinology. 2009; 150:1688–1696.
8. Brown DA, Breit SN, Buring J, Fairlie WD, Bauskin AR, Liu T, Ridker PM. Concentration in plasma of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 and risk of cardiovascular events in women: a nested case-control study. Lancet. 2002; 359:2159–2163.
9. Simm A, Nass N, Bartling B, Hofmann B, Silber RE, Navarrete Santos A. Potential biomarkers of ageing. Biol Chem. 2008; 389:257–265.
10. Vila G, Riedl M, Anderwald C, Resl M, Handisurya A, Clodi M, Prager G, Ludvik B, Krebs M, Luger A. The relationship between insulin resistance and the cardiovascular biomarker growth differentiation factor-15 in obese patients. Clin Chem. 2011; 57:309–316.
11. Hong JH, Chung HK, Park HY, Joung KH, Lee JH, Jung JG, Kim KS, Kim HJ, Ku BJ, Shong M. GDF15 is a novel biomarker for impaired fasting glucose. Diabetes Metab J. 2014; 38:472–479.
12. Anand IS, Kempf T, Rector TS, Tapken H, Allhoff T, Jantzen F, Kuskowski M, Cohn JN, Drexler H, Wollert KC. Serial measurement of growth-differentiation factor-15 in heart failure: relation to disease severity and prognosis in the valsartan heart failure trial. Circulation. 2010; 122:1387–1395.
13. Wallentin L, Hijazi Z, Andersson U, Alexander JH, De Caterina R, Hanna M, Horowitz JD, Hylek EM, Lopes RD, Asberg S, et al. Growth differentiation factor 15, a marker of oxidative stress and inflammation, for risk assessment in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from the apixaban for reduction in stroke and other thromboembolic events in atrial fibrillation (ARISTOTLE) trial. Circulation. 2014; 130:1847–1858.
14. Bonaca MP, Morrow DA, Braunwald E, Cannon CP, Jiang S, Breher S, Sabatine MS, Kempf T, Wallentin L, Wollert KC. Growth differentiation factor-15 and risk of recurrent events in patients stabilized after acute coronary syndrome: observations from PROVE IT-TIMI 22. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011; 31:203–210.
15. American Diabetes Association. (2) Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2015; 38:Suppl. S8–S16.
16. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith SC Jr, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005; 112:2735–2752.
17. Kempf T, Guba-Quint A, Torgerson J, Magnone MC, Haefliger C, Bobadilla M, Wollert KC. Growth differentiation factor 15 predicts future insulin resistance and impaired glucose control in obese nondiabetic individuals: results from the XENDOS trial. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012; 167:671–678.
18. Ho JE, Mahajan A, Chen MH, Larson MG, McCabe EL, Ghorbani A, Cheng S, Johnson AD, Lindgren CM, Kempf T, et al. Clinical and genetic correlates of growth differentiation factor 15 in the community. Clin Chem. 2012; 58:1582–1591.
19. Gungor N, Thompson T, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Janosky J, Arslanian S. Early signs of cardiovascular disease in youth with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28:1219–1221.
20. Navarro JF, Mora C, Maca M, Garca J. Inflammatory parameters are independently associated with urinary albumin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003; 42:53–61.
21. Karczewska-Kupczewska M, Kowalska I, Nikolajuk A, Adamska A, Otziomek E, Gorska M, Straczkowski M. Hyperinsulinemia acutely increases serum macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 concentration in anorexia nervosa and obesity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012; 76:46–50.
22. Wollert KC, Kempf T, Peter T, Olofsson S, James S, Johnston N, Lindahl B, Horn-Wichmann R, Brabant G, Simoons ML, et al. Prognostic value of growth-differentiation factor-15 in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. 2007; 115:962–971.
23. Dominguez-Rodriguez A, Abreu-Gonzalez P, Avanzas P. Usefulness of growth differentiation factor-15 levels to predict diabetic cardiomyopathy in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2014; 114:890–894.
Full Text Links
  • JKMS
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr