J Korean Med Sci.  2012 Jul;27(7):748-755. 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.7.748.

Prevalence Rate and Associated Factors of Sarcopenic Obesity in Korean Elderly Population

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
  • 2Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. bjpark@snu.ac.kr
  • 3Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University and Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

Abstract

This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence rates and to explore associated factors of sarcopenic obesity (SO) in 2,221 Koreans over 60 yr-of age from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2009). Participants were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by body weight was used to define sarcopenia and waist circumference was used to define obesity. We estimated the prevalence rates of SO according to age-groups, sex and region. In addition, each group was compared by demographic characteristics, metabolic status, nutrition, and physical activity. The prevalence rates of SO were 6.1% (95% confidential interval [CI] = 6.1-6.2) for men and 7.3% (95% CI = 7.3-7.3) for women, respectively. SO was positively associated with no current working and the number of combined medical conditions. High serum insulin level was positively associated with SO, whereas vitamin D was negatively associated with SO in both men and women. In conclusion, the prevalence rates of SO are 6.1% in men and 7.3% in women. SO is associated with insulin resistance, inappropriate nutrition, and low physical activity.

Keyword

Sarcopenia; Obesity; Aging; Prevalence; Epidemiology

MeSH Terms

Age Factors
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Databases, Factual
Demography
Female
Humans
Insulin/blood
Male
Middle Aged
Nutritional Status
Obesity/*epidemiology/etiology
Odds Ratio
Prevalence
Republic of Korea/epidemiology
Risk Factors
Sarcopenia/*complications
Sex Factors
Vitamin D/blood
Waist Circumference
Insulin
Vitamin D

Cited by  5 articles

Sarcopenic obesity can be negatively associated with active physical activity and adequate intake of some nutrients in Korean elderly: Findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008–2011)
Jina Son, Qiming Yu, Jung-Sook Seo
Nutr Res Pract. 2019;13(1):47-57.    doi: 10.4162/nrp.2019.13.1.47.

Sarcopenic Obesity in Elderly Korean Women: A Nationwide Cross-sectional Study
Young Nam Kwon, Sung Sang Yoon, Kyung-Hag Lee
J Bone Metab. 2018;25(1):53-58.    doi: 10.11005/jbm.2018.25.1.53.

Proportion and Characteristics of the Subjects with Low Muscle Mass and Abdominal Obesity among the Newly Diagnosed and Drug-Naïve Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Jung A Kim, Soon Young Hwang, Hye Soo Chung, Nam Hoon Kim, Ji A Seo, Sin Gon Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Hye Jin Yoo
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(1):105-113.    doi: 10.4093/dmj.2018.0036.

Association between Sarcopenia, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Chronic Disease in Korean Elderly
Hee-Sook Lim, Yoon-Hyung Park, Kyoil Suh, Myung Hi Yoo, Hyeong Kyu Park, Hye Jeong Kim, Jae-Hyuk Lee, Dong-Won Byun
J Bone Metab. 2018;25(3):187-193.    doi: 10.11005/jbm.2018.25.3.187.

Effects of Sarcopenic Obesity on Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Elders: Using Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2011)
Hyun-A Choi, Kyung-Min Park
J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2016;27(3):231-241.    doi: 10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.3.231.


Reference

1. Rosenberg IH. Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance. J Nutr. 1997. 127:990S–991S.
2. Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Ross R. Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002. 50:889–896.
3. Rolland Y, Czerwinski S, Abellan Van Kan G, Morley JE, Cesari M, Onder G, Woo J, Baumgartner R, Pillard F, Boirie Y, et al. Sarcopenia: its assessment, etiology, pathogenesis, consequences and future perspectives. J Nutr Health Aging. 2008. 12:433–450.
4. Janssen I, Shepard DS, Katzmarzyk PT, Roubenoff R. The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004. 52:80–85.
5. Zoico E, Di Francesco V, Guralnik JM, Mazzali G, Bortolani A, Guariento S, Sergi G, Bosello O, Zamboni M. Physical disability and muscular strength in relation to obesity and different body composition indexes in a sample of healthy elderly women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004. 28:234–241.
6. Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, Stern M. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia. 2005. 48:1684–1699.
7. Visser M, Langlois J, Guralnik JM, Cauley JA, Kronmal RA, Robbins J, Williamson JD, Harris TB. High body fatness, but not low fat-free mass, predicts disability in older men and women: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998. 68:584–590.
8. Roubenoff R. Sarcopenic obesity: does muscle loss cause fat gain? Lessons from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000. 904:553–557.
9. Lim S, Kim JH, Yoon JW, Kang SM, Choi SH, Park YJ, Kim KW, Lim JY, Park KS, Jang HC. Sarcopenic obesity: prevalence and association with metabolic syndrome in the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging (KLoSHA). Diabetes Care. 2010. 33:1652–1654.
10. Kim TN, Park MS, Yang SJ, Yoo HJ, Kang HJ, Song W, Seo JA, Kim SG, Kim NH, Baik SH, et al. Prevalence and determinant factors of sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes: the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study (KSOS). Diabetes Care. 2010. 33:1497–1499.
11. The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV). Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. accessed on 2 April 2011. Available at http://knhanes.cd.go.kr/.
12. Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R. Body mass index is inversely related to mortality in older people after adjustment for waist circumference. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005. 53:2112–2118.
13. Lee SY, Park HS, Kim DJ, Han JH, Kim SM, Cho GJ, Kim DY, Kwon HS, Kim SR, Lee CB, et al. Appropriate waist circumference cutoff points for central obesity in Korean adults. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007. 75:72–80.
14. Hedayati KK, Dittmar M. Prevalence of sarcopenia among older community-dwelling people with normal health and nutritional state. Ecol Food Nutr. 2010. 49:110–128.
15. Woo J, Leung J, Sham A, Kwok T. Defining sarcopenia in terms of risk of physical limitations: a 5-year follow-up study of 3,153 chinese men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009. 57:2224–2231.
16. Tichet J, Vol S, Goxe D, Salle A, Berrut G, Ritz P. Prevalence of sarcopenia in the French senior population. J Nutr Health Aging. 2008. 12:202–206.
17. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, Garry PJ, Lindeman RD. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol. 1998. 147:755–763.
18. Visser M. Towards a definition of sarcopenia: results from epidemiologic studies. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009. 13:713–716.
19. Newman AB, Kupelian V, Visser M, Simonsick E, Goodpaster B, Nevitt M, Kritchevsky SB, Tylavsky FA, Rubin SM, Harris TB. Sarcopenia: alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003. 51:1602–1609.
20. Choi S, Yon M, Lee MS, Oh SI, Park SC. Social characteristics of the oldest old in longevity belt in Korea. Gerontologist. 2004. 44:576–577.
21. Roth SM, Zmuda JM, Cauley JA, Shea PR, Ferrell RE. Vitamin D receptor genotype is associated with fat-free mass and sarcopenia in elderly men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004. 59:10–15.
22. Kim MK, Baek KH, Song KH, Kang MI, Park CY, Lee WY, Oh KW. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with sarcopenia in older Koreans, regardless of obesity: the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES IV) 2009. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011. 96:3250–3256.
23. Dixon CL, Woerner DR, Tokach RJ, Chapman PL, Engle TE, Tatum JD, Belk KE. Quantifying the aging response and nutrient composition for muscles of the beef round. J Anim Sci. 2012. 90:996–1007.
24. Breen L, Phillips SM. Skeletal muscle protein metabolism in the elderly: interventions to counteract the 'anabolic resistance' of ageing. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2011. 8:68.
25. Andrews RD, MacLean DA, Riechman SE. Protein intake for skeletal muscle hypertrophy with resistance training in seniors. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006. 16:362–372.
26. Wilkinson SB, Tarnopolsky MA, Macdonald MJ, Macdonald JR, Armstrong D, Phillips SM. Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007. 85:1031–1040.
27. Peterson MD, Gordon PM. Resistance exercise for the aging adult: clinical implications and prescription guidelines. Am J Med. 2011. 124:194–198.
28. Griffin L, Cafarelli E. Resistance training: cortical, spinal, and motor unit adaptations. Can J Appl Physiol. 2005. 30:328–340.
29. Lauretani F, Russo CR, Bandinelli S, Bartali B, Cavazzini C, Di Iorio A, Corsi AM, Rantanen T, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L. Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol. 2003. 95:1851–1860.
30. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, Martin FC, Michel JP, Rolland Y, Schneider SM, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010. 39:412–423.
Full Text Links
  • JKMS
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr