J Korean Med Sci.  2005 Dec;20(6):913-925. 10.3346/jkms.2005.20.6.913.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Diseases: A Korean Perspective

Affiliations
  • 1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ojkwon@smc.samsung.co.kr
  • 2Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Abstract

The incidence of pulmonary disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) appears to be increasing worldwide. In Korea, M. avium complex and M. abscessus account for most of the pathogens encountered, whilst M. kansasii is a relatively uncommon cause of NTM pulmonary diseases. NTM pulmonary disease is highly complex in terms of its clinical presentation and management. Because its clinical features are indistinguishable from those of pulmonary tuberculosis and NTMs are ubiquitous in the environment, the isolation and identification of causative organisms are mandatory for diagnosis, and some specific diagnostic criteria have been proposed. The treatment of NTM pulmonary disease depends on the infecting species, but decisions concerning the institution of treatment are never easy. Treatment requires the use of multiple drugs for 18 to 24 months. Thus, treatment is expensive, often has significant side effects, and is frequently not curative. Therefore, clinicians should be confident that there is sufficient pathology to warrant prolonged, multidrug treatment regimens. In all of the situations, outcomes can be best optimized only when clinicians, radiologists, and laboratories work cooperatively.

Keyword

Mycobacteria, Atypical; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium abscessus; Mycobacterium kansasii, Epidemiology; Diagnosis; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Korea

MeSH Terms

Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
Female
Humans
Korea
Lung Diseases/*diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology
Male
Mycobacterium Infections, Atypical/*diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Figure

  • Fig. 1 M. intracellulare pulmonary disease of the upper lobe cavitary form in a 73-yr-old man. Chest radiograph shows parenchymal opacity which is containing multiple cavities in the right upper lobe. Also note nodular lesions in left middle and lower lung zones (A). Transaxial lung window CT image (2.5-mm section thickness, 70 mA) obtained at the level of the right upper lobar bronchus shows dilated bronchi in an opacified right upper lobe. Also note associated multiple cavitary lesions (arrows). A lobular consolidative lesion (arrowhead) is seen in the left upper lobe (B). Coronal reformation (2.0-mm section thickness) image demonstrates dilated bronchi and multiple thin walled cavities (arrows) in the right upper lobe. Also note multiple variable-sized nodules and consolidation (arrowhead) in the left lung (C).

  • Fig. 2 M. intracellulare pulmonary disease of the nodular bronchiectatic form in a 63-yr-old woman. Chest radiograph shows a multifocal patchy distribution of small nodular clusters in both lungs (A). Transaxial lung window CT image (2.5-mm section thickness, 70 mA) obtained at the level of basal trunk (B) show small centrilobular nodules and bronchiectasis in the right middle lobe and in the lingular division of the left upper lobe. Also note small cavitating nodules and lobular consolidation in the left lower lobe.

  • Fig. 3 M. abscessus pulmonary disease in a 49-yr-old woman. Chest radiograph shows multifocal patchy areas of small nodular clusters in both lungs. Also note parenchymal opacity in the right middle lobe (A). Transaxial lung window CT image (2.5-mm section thickness, 70 mA) obtained at the basal trunk (B) show bronchiectasis and small centrilobular nodules or tree-in-bud opacities (arrows) in the right middle lobe and in the lingular division of the left upper lobe. Also note bronchiolitis of small centrilobular nodules and tree-in-bud opacities in both lower lobes.

  • Fig. 4 M. kansasii pulmonary disease in a 30-yr-old man. Chest radiograph shows cavitary and small nodular lesions in the left upper lobe (A). Transaxial lung window CT thin-section images (1.0-mm section thickness, 170 mA) obtained at the thoracic inlet level show multiple thin-walled cavities in the left upper lobe. Also note small nodular lesions and tree-in-bud opacities in the left upper lobe (B).


Cited by  21 articles

Surgical Treatment of Pulmonary Diseases Due to Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Won-Jung Koh, Yee Hyung Kim, O Jung Kwon, Yong Soo Choi, Kwhanmien Kim, Young Mog Shim, Jhingook Kim
J Korean Med Sci. 2008;23(3):397-401.    doi: 10.3346/jkms.2008.23.3.397.

In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Mycobacterium abscessus in Korea
Sunghoon Park, Shinok Kim, Eun Mi Park, Hojoong Kim, O Jung Kwon, Chulhun L. Chang, Woo Jin Lew, Young Kil Park, Won-Jung Koh
J Korean Med Sci. 2008;23(1):49-52.    doi: 10.3346/jkms.2008.23.1.49.

Comparison of Clinical and Radiographic Characteristics between Nodular Bronchiectatic Form of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease and Diffuse Panbronchiolitis
Hye Yun Park, Gee Young Suh, Man Pyo Chung, Hojoong Kim, O Jung Kwon, Myung Jin Chung, Tae Sung Kim, Kyung Soo Lee, Won-Jung Koh
J Korean Med Sci. 2009;24(3):427-432.    doi: 10.3346/jkms.2009.24.3.427.

The Prevalence of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease with orwithout Reflux Esophagitis
Jae Bin Kang, Dong Ho Lee, Soo Hoon Kwon, Nayoung Kim, Young Soo Park, Hyuk Yoon, Cheol Min Shin, Yoon Jin Choi
Korean J Gastroenterol. 2018;71(1):18-23.    doi: 10.4166/kjg.2018.71.1.18.

Pulmonary Disease Caused by Mycobacterium xenopi: The First Case in Korea
Hye Yun Park, Won-Jung Koh, O Jung Kwon, Nam Yong Lee, Young Mog Shim, Young Kil Park, Gill Han Bai, Ho-Suk Mun, Bum-Joon Kim
Yonsei Med J. 2007;48(5):871-875.    doi: 10.3349/ymj.2007.48.5.871.

Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Mycobacterium kansasii Lung Disease in Korea
Hye Kyeong Park, Won-Jung Koh, Tae Sun Shim, O Jung Kwon
Yonsei Med J. 2010;51(4):552-556.    doi: 10.3349/ymj.2010.51.4.552.

Standardized Combination Antibiotic Treatment of Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease
Yun Su Sim, Hye Yun Park, Kyeongman Jeon, Gee Young Suh, O Jung Kwon, Won-Jung Koh
Yonsei Med J. 2010;51(6):888-894.    doi: 10.3349/ymj.2010.51.6.888.

What Strategy Can be Applied to the Patients with Culture Positive Tuberculosis to Reduce Treatment Delay in a Private Tertiary Healthcare Center?
Ji Eun Lee, Yang-Ki Kim, Tae Hyong Kim, Kyung Ha Kim, Eun Jung Lee, Soo Taek Uh, Tae Youn Choi
Infect Chemother. 2011;43(1):42-47.    doi: 10.3947/ic.2011.43.1.42.

Endobronchial Mycobacterium avium Infection in an Immunocompetent Patient
Seung-Hwa Kang, Se-Kwon Mun, Min-Jae Lee, So-Yeon Kim, Hyung-Gyu Choi, Junsu Byun, Cheol Hyeon Kim, Hye-Ryoun Kim, Soo Yeon Cho
Infect Chemother. 2013;45(1):99-104.    doi: 10.3947/ic.2013.45.1.99.

Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease
Won-Jung Koh, O Jung Kwon
J Korean Med Assoc. 2006;49(9):806-816.    doi: 10.5124/jkma.2006.49.9.806.

Diagnosis and treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease
Won-Jung Koh
J Korean Med Assoc. 2011;54(10):1053-1058.    doi: 10.5124/jkma.2011.54.10.1053.

Chronic Granulomatous Infection of Soft Tissue Complicated by Trauma of a Lower Leg
Kyungho Park, Kwangyoung So, Minwook Kim, Yongsoo Choi
J Korean Orthop Assoc. 2012;47(4):293-298.    doi: 10.4055/jkoa.2012.47.4.293.

A Case of Skin Infection Caused by Nontuberculous Mycobacterium after External Dacryocystorhinostomy
Woo Jin Jeong
J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2011;52(3):350-354.    doi: 10.3341/jkos.2011.52.3.350.

Serial Interferon-gamma Release Assays for the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Patients Treated with Immunosuppressive Agents
Kyeong-Hee Kim, Sung-Won Lee, Won-Tae Chung, Byoung-Gwon Kim, Kwang-Sook Woo, Jin-Yeong Han, Jeong-Man Kim
Korean J Lab Med. 2011;31(4):271-278.    doi: 10.3343/kjlm.2011.31.4.271.

Evaluation of EZplex MTBC/NTM Real-Time PCR kit: diagnostic accuracy and efficacy in vaccination
Suengmok Lee, Kyung-A Hwang, Ji-Hoon Ahn, Jae-Hwan Nam
Clin Exp Vaccine Res. 2018;7(2):111-118.    doi: 10.7774/cevr.2018.7.2.111.


Min-su Oh, Jaechun Lee
. ;:.

The Increase of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Isolation in the Specimens from Respiratory System in Jeju
Min-su Oh, Jaechun Lee
Ann Clin Microbiol. 2013;16(1):13-18.    doi: 10.5145/ACM.2013.16.1.13.

Evaluation of Combined Use of BacT/ALERT 3D Liquid Culture System and PCR-RFLP for Detection and Identification of Mycobacteria from Bronchial Specimens
Hae-Sun Chung, Chang-Seok Ki, Jang Ho Lee, Nam Yong Lee
Korean J Clin Microbiol. 2009;12(1):37-42.    doi: 10.5145/KJCM.2009.12.1.37.

Evaluation of MolecuTech Real MTB-ID for MTB/NTM Detection Using Direct Specimens
Hyeyoung Wang, Hyunwoo Jin, Hyeeun Bang, Yeon-Im Choi, Eun-mi Park, Won-jung Koh, Hyeyoung Lee
Korean J Clin Microbiol. 2011;14(3):103-109.    doi: 10.5145/KJCM.2011.14.3.103.

Invasion of Mammalian Cells by Rough Variant of Mycobacterium abscessus
Jake Whang, Young Woo Back, Gang-In Lee, Hwa-Jung Kim
J Bacteriol Virol. 2016;46(4):193-200.    doi: 10.4167/jbv.2016.46.4.193.

Usefulness of Multiplex Real-Time PCR and Melting Curve Analysis in Identification of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Seong-Ho Kang, Kwang Cheol Yoo, Kyoung Un Park, Junghan Song, Eui Chong Kim
Korean J Lab Med. 2007;27(1):40-45.    doi: 10.3343/kjlm.2007.27.1.40.


Reference

1. Hale YM, Pfyffer GE, Salfinger M. Laboratory diagnosis of mycobacterial infections: new tools and lessons learned. Clin Infect Dis. 2001. 33:834–846.
Article
2. American Thoracic Society. Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997. 156:S1–S25.
3. British Thoracic Society. Management of opportunist mycobacterial infections: Joint Tuberculosis Committee Guidelines 1999. Thorax. 2000. 55:210–218.
4. Koh WJ, Kwon OJ, Lee KS. Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary diseases in immunocompetent patients. Korean J Radiol. 2002. 3:145–157.
Article
5. Koh WJ, Kwon OJ. Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary diseases. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2004. 56:5–17.
Article
6. Falkinham JO 3rd. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in the environment. Clin Chest Med. 2002. 23:529–551.
Article
7. Heifets L. Mycobacterial infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2004. 25:283–295.
Article
8. Marras TK, Daley CL. Epidemiology of human pulmonary infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria. Clin Chest Med. 2002. 23:553–567.
9. Sakatani M. The non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis. Kekkaku. 2005. 80:25–30.
10. Kim SC, Kim SC. A study on unclassified mycobacteria isolated from human sputa. Tuberc Respir Dis. 1970. 17:33–42.
Article
11. Choi CS, Shin SS, Chung SI, Yang YT, Kim SJ, Bai GH. Species identification of mycobacteria of group II isolated from sputa of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculosis-like diseases. J Korean Soc Microbiol. 1985. 20:25–34.
12. Chin DI, Woo KJ, Chong Y, Lee SY. Species of Mycobacterium other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from clinical materials. J Lab Med Qual Assur. 1990. 12:267–272.
13. Koh WJ, Kwon OJ, Yu CM, Jeon KM, Suh GY, Chung MP, Kim HJ, Han SW, Park SY, Lee NY. Recovery rate of nontuberculous mycobacteria from acid-fast-bacilli smear-positive sputum specimens. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2003. 54:22–32.
Article
14. Lee JY, Choi HJ, Lee H, Joung EY, Huh JW, Oh YM, Lee SD, Kim WS, Kim DS, Kim WD, Shim TS. Recovery rate and characteristics of nontuberculous mycobacterial isolates in a university hospital in Korea. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2005. 58:385–391.
Article
15. Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases. Diagnostic standards of pulmonary tuberculosis, 1997. Tuberc Respir Dis. 1997. 44:1447–1453.
16. Korean Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for the control of tuberculosis 2005. 2005. Seoul:
17. Jeon K, Koh WJ, Kwon OJ, Suh GY, Chung MP, Kim H, Lee NY, Park YK, Bai GH. Recovery rate of NTM from AFB smear-positive sputum specimens at a medical centre in South Korea. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005. 9:1046–1051.
18. Kim SJ, Hong YP, Kim SC, Bai GH, Jin BW, Park CD. A case of pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium avium-intracelluare complex. Tuberc Respir Dis. 1981. 28:121–124.
19. Kim SJ, Hong YP, Bai GH, Kim SC, Jin BW. Nontuberculous pulmonary infection in two patients with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex and a patient with M. fortuitum. J Korean Soc Microbiol. 1982. 17:87–93.
20. Kim HJ, Oh SH, Lee WY, Kim SJ. Report of a case of pulmonary mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium chelonei subsp. abscessus. Tuberc Respir Dis. 1985. 32:54–57.
Article
21. Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases. National survey of mycobacterial diseases other than tuberculosis in Korea. Tuberc Respir Dis. 1995. 42:277–294.
22. Lew WJ. Clinical manifestations and epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in Korea. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2002. 53:Suppl 2. 83–87.
23. Bai GH, Park KS, Kim SJ. Clinically isolated Mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis from 1980 to 1990 in Korea. J Korean Soc Microbiol. 1993. 28:1–5.
24. Lew WJ, Ahn DI, Yoon YJ, Cho JS, Kwon DW, Kim SJ, Hong YP. Clinical experience on mycobacterial diseases other than tuberculosis. Tuberc Respir Dis. 1992. 39:425–432.
25. Koh WJ, Kwon OJ, Ham HS, Suh GY, Chung MP, Kim HJ, Han D, Kim TS, Lee KS, Lee NY, Park EM, Park YK, Bai GH. Clinical significance of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from respiratory specimens. Korean J Intern Med. 2003. 65:10–21.
26. Koh WJ, Kwon OJ, Jeon K, Kim TS, Lee KS, Park YK, Bai GH. Clinical significance of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from respiratory specimens in Korea. Chest. (in press).
Article
27. Koh WJ, Kwon OJ, Suh GY, Chung MP, Kim H, Lee NY, Kim TS, Lee KS, Park EM, Park YK, Bai GH. A case report of three patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium kansasii. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2003. 54:459–466.
28. Yim JJ, Park YK, Lew WJ, Bai GH, Han SK, Shim YS. Mycobacterium kansasii pulmonary diseases in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2005. 20:957–960.
Article
29. Christensen EE, Dietz GW, Ahn CH, Chapman JS, Murry RC, Anderson J, Hurst GA. Pulmonary manifestations of Mycobacterium intracellularis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1979. 133:59–66.
Article
30. Christensen EE, Dietz GW, Ahn CH, Chapman JS, Murry RC, Anderson J, Hurst GA. Initial roentgenographic manifestations of pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. kansasii, and M. intracellularis infections. Chest. 1981. 80:132–136.
Article
31. Ahn CH, McLarty JW, Ahn SS, Ahn SI, Hurst GA. Diagnostic criteria for pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium kansasii and Mycobacterium intracellulare. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982. 125:388–391.
32. Miller WT Jr. Spectrum of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. Radiology. 1994. 191:343–350.
Article
33. Erasmus JJ, McAdams HP, Farrell MA, Patz EF Jr. Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection: radiologic manifestations. Radiographics. 1999. 19:1487–1505.
Article
34. Hartman TE, Swensen SJ, Williams DE. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex: evaluation with CT. Radiology. 1993. 187:23–26.
Article
35. Swensen SJ, Hartman TE, Williams DE. Computed tomographic diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex in patients with bronchiectasis. Chest. 1994. 105:49–52.
Article
36. Lynch DA, Simone PM, Fox MA, Bucher BL, Heinig MJ. CT features of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex infection. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1995. 19:353–360.
Article
37. Primack SL, Logan PM, Hartman TE, Lee KS, Muller NL. Pulmonary tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare: a comparison of CT findings. Radiology. 1995. 194:413–417.
Article
38. Jeong YJ, Lee KS, Koh WJ, Han J, Kim TS, Kwon OJ. Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infection in immunocompetent patients: comparison of thin-section CT and histopathologic findings. Radiology. 2004. 231:880–886.
Article
39. Koh WJ, Lee KS, Kwon OJ, Jeong YJ, Kwak SH, Kim TS. Bilateral bronchiectasis and bronchiolitis at thin-section CT: diagnostic implications in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infection. Radiology. 2005. 235:282–288.
Article
40. American Thoracic Society. Diagnostic standards and classification of tuberculosis in adults and children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000. 161:1376–1395.
41. Yu CM, Koh WJ, Ryu YJ, Jeon K, Choi JC, Kang EH, Suh GY, Chung MP, Kim H, Kwon OJ, Lee JH, Ki CS, Lee NY. Usefulness of PCR test for M. tuberculosis for the differentiation of pulmonary tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial lung diseases in patients with smear-positive sputum. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2004. 57:528–534.
42. Lee JS, Ji HS, Hong SB, Oh YM, Lim CM, Lee SD, Koh Y, Kim WS, Kim DS, Kim WD, Shim TS. Clinical utility of polymerase chain reaction for the differentiation of nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients with acid-fast bacilli smear-positive specimens. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2005. 58:452–458.
Article
43. Kim MN, Lee SH, Yang SE, Pai CH. Mycobacterial testing in hospital laboratories in Korea: results of a survey of 40 university or tertiary-care hospitals. Korean J Clin Pathol. 1999. 19:86–91.
44. Chang C, Park TS, Kim MN, Lee NY, Lee HJ, Suh JT. Survey on changes in mycobacterial testing practices in Korean laboratories. Korean J Clin Microbiol. 2001. 4:108–114.
45. Lee H, Park HJ, Cho SN, Bai GH, Kim SJ. Species identification of mycobacteria by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the rpoB gene. J Clin Microbiol. 2000. 38:2966–2971.
46. Kim H, Kim SH, Shim TS, Kim MN, Bai GH, Park YG, Lee SH, Cha CY, Kook YH, Kim BJ. PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PRA)-algorithm targeting 644 bp Heat Shock Protein 65 (hsp65) gene for differentiation of Mycobacterium spp. J Microbiol Methods. 2005. 62:199–209.
Article
47. Koh WJ, Kwon OJ, Kang EH, Jeon IS, Pyun YJ, Ham HS, Suh GY, Chung MP, Kim HJ, Han DH, Kim TS, Lee KS. Clinical characteristics of the patients with Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2003. 54:33–44.
Article
48. Koh WJ, Kwon OJ, Kang EH, Jeon IS, Pyun YJ, Ham HS, Suh GY, Chung MP, Kim HJ, Han DH, Kim TS, Lee KS. Clinical and radiographic characteristics of 12 patients with Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary disease. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2003. 54:45–56.
Article
49. Prince DS, Peterson DD, Steiner RM, Gottlieb JE, Scott R, Israel HL, Figueroa WG, Fish JE. Infection with Mycobacterium avium complex in patients without predisposing conditions. N Engl J Med. 1989. 321:863–868.
50. Reich JM, Johnson RE. Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease presenting as an isolated lingular or middle lobe pattern. The Lady Windermere syndrome. Chest. 1992. 101:1605–1609.
51. Wallace RJ Jr, Zhang Y, Brown BA, Dawson D, Murphy DT, Wilson R, Griffith DE. Polyclonal Mycobacterium avium complex infections in patients with nodular bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998. 158:1235–1244.
52. Huang JH, Kao PN, Adi V, Ruoss SJ. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare pulmonary infection in HIV-negative patients without preexisting lung disease: diagnostic and management limitations. Chest. 1999. 115:1033–1040.
53. Wallace RJ Jr. Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease and women. Now an equal opportunity disease. Chest. 1994. 105:6–7.
54. Tanaka E, Amitani R, Niimi A, Suzuki K, Murayama T, Kuze F. Yield of computed tomography and bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997. 155:2041–2046.
Article
55. Jeon K, Koh WJ, Kwon OJ, Kang EH, Suh GY, Chung MP, Kim H, Kim TS, Lee KS, Lee NY, Han J. Usefulness of bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2004. 57:242–249.
Article
56. Sakatani M. Nontuberculous mycobacteriosis; the present status of epidemiology and clinical studies. Kekkaku. 1999. 74:377–384.
57. Iseman MD. Medical management of pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium avium complex. Clin Chest Med. 2002. 23:633–641.
Article
58. Field SK, Fisher D, Cowie RL. Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease in patients without HIV infection. Chest. 2004. 126:566–581.
Article
59. Wallace RJ Jr, Brown BA, Griffith DE, Girard WM, Murphy DT, Onyi GO, Steingrube VA, Mazurek GH. Initial clarithromycin monotherapy for Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994. 149:1335–1341.
Article
60. Wallace RJ Jr, Brown BA, Griffith DE, Girard WM, Murphy DT. Clarithromycin regimens for pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex. The first 50 patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996. 153:1766–1772.
Article
61. Tanaka E, Kimoto T, Tsuyuguchi K, Watanabe I, Matsumoto H, Niimi A, Suzuki K, Murayama T, Amitani R, Kuze F. Effect of clarithromycin regimen for Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999. 160:866–872.
62. Koh WJ, Kwon OJ, Kang EH, Suh GY, Chung MP, Kim H, Chung MJ, Kim TS, Lee KS, Lee NY, Park YK, Bai GH. Treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) pulmonary disease. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2004. 57:234–241.
Article
63. Griffith DE, Brown BA, Cegielski P, Murphy DT, Wallace RJ Jr. Early results (at 6 months) with intermittent clarithromycin-including regimens for lung disease due to Mycobacterium avium complex. Clin Infect Dis. 2000. 30:288–292.
Article
64. Koh WJ, Kwon OJ, Kang EH, Suh GY, Chung MP, Kim HK, Kim K, Lee NY, Han J, Kim TS, Lee KS. Successful pulmonary resection combined with chemotherapy for the treatment of Mycobacterium avium pulmonary disease: a case report. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2003. 54:621–627.
65. Kim YW, Oh YM, Chung MP, Yoo CG, Han SK, Shim YS, Kim KY, Han YC. The effect of low-dose long-term erythromycin on bronchiectasis. Tuberc Respir Dis. 1993. 40:390–394.
66. Tsang KW, Tipoe GL. Bronchiectasis: not an orphan disease in the East. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004. 8:691–702.
67. Daley CL, Griffith DE. Pulmonary disease caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. Clin Chest Med. 2002. 23:623–632.
Article
68. Griffith DE, Girard WM, Wallace RJ Jr. Clinical features of pulmonary disease caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. An analysis of 154 patients. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993. 147:1271–1278.
Article
69. Han D, Lee KS, Koh WJ, Yi CA, Kim TS, Kwon OJ. Radiographic and CT findings of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium abscessus. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003. 181:513–517.
Article
70. Chung MJ, Lee KS, Koh WJ, Lee JH, Kim TS, Kwon OJ, Kim S. Thin-section CT findings of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary diseases: comparison between Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex and Mycobacterium abscessus infection. J Korean Med Sci. 2005. 20:777–783.
Article
71. Kubo K, Yamazaki Y, Hanaoka M, Nomura H, Fujimoto K, Honda T, Ota M, Kamijou Y. Analysis of HLA antigens in Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare pulmonary infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000. 161:1368–1371.
72. Takahashi M, Ishizaka A, Nakamura H, Kobayashi K, Nakamura M, Namiki M, Sekita T, Okajima S. Specific HLA in pulmonary MAC infection in a Japanese population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000. 162:316–318.
Article
73. Koh WJ, Kwon OJ, Kim EJ, Lee KS, Ki CS, Kim JW. NRAMP1 gene polymorphism and susceptibility to nontuberculous mycobacterial lung diseases. Chest. 2005. 128:94–101.
Article
74. Griffith BE, Brown BA, Blinkhorn RJ. Treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus lung disease with clarithromycin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1993. 147:A917. (abstract).
75. Koh WJ, Kwon OJ, Suh GY, Chung MP, Kim H, Lee NY, Kim TS, Lee KS, Park YK, Bai GH. Treatment outcome of Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary disease. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2003. 55:Suppl 2. 107. (abstract).
76. Kwon YS, Koh WJ, Kwon OJ, Lee NY, Han J, Lee KS, Shim YM. Successful treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus lung disease with pneumonectomy combined with antibiotic therapy: a case report. Korean J Intern Med. 2005. 60:424–427.
77. Griffith DE. Management of disease due to Mycobacterium kansasii. Clin Chest Med. 2002. 23:613–621.
Article
Full Text Links
  • JKMS
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr