1. Crabtree T, Aitchison D, Meyers BF, Tymkew H, Smith JR, Guthrie TJ, et al. Clostridium difficile in cardiac surgery: risk factors and impact on postoperative outcome. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007. 83:1396–1402.
2. Greenstein AJ, Byrn JC, Zhang LP, Swedish KA, Jahn AE, Divino CM. Risk factors for the development of fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis. Surgery. 2008. 143:623–629.
3. Lee KS, Shin WG, Jang MK, Kim HS, Park CJ, Lee JY, et al. Who are susceptible to pseudomembranous colitis among patients with presumed antibiotic-associated diarrhea? Dis Colon Rectum. 2006. 49:1552–1558.
4. Kyne L, Sougioultzis S, McFarland LV, Kelly CP. Underlying disease severity as a major risk factor for nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002. 23:653–659.
5. Aslam S, Hamill RJ, Musher DM. Treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease: old therapies and new strategies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005. 5:549–557.
6. Elliott B, Chang BJ, Golledge CL, Riley TV. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Intern Med J. 2007. 37:561–568.
7. Surawicz CM, McFarland LV. Pseudomembranous colitis: causes and cures. Digestion. 1999. 60:91–100.
8. Kawamoto S, Horton KM, Fishman EK. Pseudomembranous colitis: spectrum of imaging findings with clinical and pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 1999. 19:887–897.
9. Fishman EK, Kavuru M, Jones B, Kuhlman JE, Merine DS, Lillimoe KD, et al. Pseudomembranous colitis: CT evaluation of 26 cases. Radiology. 1991. 180:57–60.
10. Ash L, Baker ME, O'Malley CM Jr, Gordon SM, Delaney CP, Obuchowski NA. Colonic abnormalities on CT in adult hospitalized patients with Clostridium difficile colitis: prevalence and significance of findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006. 186:1393–1400.
11. Kirkpatrick ID, Greenberg HM. Evaluating the CT diagnosis of Clostridium difficile colitis: should CT guide therapy? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001. 176:635–639.
12. Hsieh MM, Everhart JE, Byrd-Holt DD, Tisdale JF, Rodgers GP. Prevalence of neutropenia in the U.S. population: age, sex, smoking status, and ethnic differences. Ann Intern Med. 2007. 146:486–492.
13. Delmée M. Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile disease. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2001. 7:411–416.
14. Cloud J, Kelly CP. Update on Clostridium difficile associated disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2007. 23:4–9.
15. McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Stamm WE. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile carriage and C. difficile-associated diarrhea in a cohort of hospitalized patients. J Infect Dis. 1990. 162:678–684.
16. Dharmarajan T, Sipalay M, Shyamsundar R, Norkus E, Pitchumoni C. Co-morbidity, not age predicts adverse outcome in Clostridium difficile colitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2000. 6:198–201.
17. Hashimoto M, Sugawara Y, Tamura S, Kaneko J, Matsui Y, Togashi J, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea after living donor liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol. 2007. 13:2072–2076.
18. Kent KC, Rubin MS, Wroblewski L, Hanff PA, Silen W. The impact of Clostridium difficile on a surgical service: a prospective study of 374 patients. Ann Surg. 1998. 227:296–301.
19. Kurd MF, Pulido L, Joshi A, Purtill JJ, Parvizi J. Clostridium difficile infection after total joint arthroplasty: who is at risk? J Arthroplasty. 2008. 23:839–842.
20. Bauer MP, Goorhuis A, Koster T, Numan-Ruberg SC, Hagen EC, Debast SB, et al. Community-onset Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea not associated with antibiotic usage--two case reports with review of the changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Neth J Med. 2008. 66:207–211.
21. Morris AM, Jobe BA, Stoney M, Sheppard BC, Deveney CW, Deveney KE. Clostridium difficile colitis: an increasingly aggressive iatrogenic disease? Arch Surg. 2002. 137:1096–1100.